Racial Profiling of Asians in America Essay example -- Sociology Racis

Racial Profiling of Asiatics in America Have you heard the one where someone broke into this guys house and all his electronics were stolen but they knew that the burglar was Asian because the math homework that was left on the kitchen table was completed? What about the one how Asians get their names? By dropping a fork trim down the stairs. In the first issue of the Asian American magazine, Amerisian, the magazine introduces an Asian American perspective of how a community is viewed in todays society.. For many years, Asian Americans assay to distance themselves to the subjective racial stereotypes and profiling society places on them. Asian Americans have been trying to find their place in the American society. The efforts of gaining the admiration in society may appear as a seemingly possible task to attain, yet the communities continues to thrive. Unfortunately, many Asian Americans are still being tempered unjustly. Wen Ho Lee, a former nuclear scientist at Los Al amos Laboratories, has been an American citizen for the past 27 years, however was sentenced to prison with no bail because he was transferring documents in his office from a classified computer to an unclassified computer. He remains in his cell 23 hours a day, sometimes in shackles. He has particular(a) contact with his family, and until recently, was not allowed to speak in his native language (Murthy). His case is still not final. People are constantly trying to prove that what had happened to him was a cause of mistreatment and racial profiling. A man named John Deutch, now a professor at MIT, had transferred documents as Mr. Wen did, however, was not treated the same... ... 6 Apr. 2001. <http//www.bctv.net/telcom/asian.html> Ayuyang, Rachelle. Asian Americans Take Center Court. Monolid Aug. 2000 26-28. Parenthetical note (Ayuyang 28) Boyle, Jenny. Asian and Asian American Stereotype. 13 Oct. 2000. Online posting. Suite101.com. 6 Apr. 2001. <http//www.i5ive.com /article.cfm/3677/50465> Hu, Arthur. raising Race DOES Matter, but Mastering the $% Material matters the Most. Arthur Hus K12 Education Page. 6 Apr. 2001. <http//www.leconsulting.com/arthurhu/index/asianam.htm> Murthy, Sharmila. Teach-In Probes Racial Profiling in the Wen Ho Lee Case. 6 Apr. 2001. <http//www.ksg.harvard.edu/citizen/00apr17/murt0417.html> Perng, Olivia. Personal interview. 7 Apr. 2001. Racist Love. 6 Apr. 2001. <http//www.bol.ucla.edu/tiffloui/love.htm>

The Joy Luck Club :: essays research papers

Please refer to the book, The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. Turn to page 35(for those with the red cover version by the series editor, Judith Baxter) and refer to the story Scar. Extract I was sitting at the top of the stairs when she arrived. I knew it was my motherShe cried with a wailing fathom that was so sad. And then I remembered the dream with my mothers voice. (till page 37)Question 1 EXPLAIN CLEARLY WHAT FEELINGS IN THIS PASSAGE AROUSES IN YOU TOWARDS AN-MEI AND HER MOTHER. YOU SHOULD occupy CLOSELY TO THE EXTRACT IN SUPPORT OF YOUR ANSWER.I am saddened by the relationship between An-mei and her mother. I knew it was my mother notwithstanding though I had non seen her in all my memory, this shows us that, despite being mother and daughter, they did not hire the opportunity to establish a close bond. An-mei had no memories of her mother, even though she knew it was my mother. An-meis mother is foreign and strange to her as her mother looked strange too, like the missionar y ladies at our school, who were insolent and bossy in their too-tall shoes, foreign clothes, and short hair.I am touched by An-meis mothers perseverance and determination to go to her dying mother. An-meis aunt quickly looked away, did not call her by shape and offer her tea, which is the Chinese traditional way of treating visitors. Even the servant looked tweak on her as she hurried away with a displeased look. Despite the aunts protest, Too late, too late, it did not parry my mother. In spite of the humiliation and disrespect given by the aunt and servant, An-meis mother did not leave as she tolerated all this for the sake of Popo, her own mother.I feel sorry for An-mei as her mind has been greatly influenced by her grandmother. She observed her mother and saw that she had a long white spot, just like the goose that had laid me (one of her grandmothers stories). She knew she was the girl whose belly held a colourless winter melon. Popo told me not to speak her name, thus A n-mei stood there, mute, not daring to address her mother. This is pitiful of An-mei as she does not deserve this treatment from her grandmother, making her confused and hesitant towards her mother. I have pity for An-mei as she did not look for fear my head would burst and my brains would dribble out of my ears, scared as she laid in her mothers arms.

Sexism and the Glass Ceiling :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

devolve onism and the Glass Ceiling Sexism is still in evidence in the piece of work and in todays society despite the battle that women are making for themselves. Sexism is a event concern for society when considering its effect in the workplace. Sexism has always been a particular problem in the labor market especially with the formation of capitalism. In the last half of the 20th century this has been especially highlighted due to the increase of womanhood entering the labor market. This aroused the need for formula for enough opportunity for both sexs to be passed in 1975. It stated that discrimination of a persons sex whether male person or female was unlawful in employment, union membership, education, provision of goods, services, advertisements. Woman hold a large percentage of the work force in companies plainly hardly any seems to pertain any of the power. There are many obstacles in the way of woman in careers women are in the quest for equal pay for both sexes. The pay should be the aforementioned(prenominal) for the same jobs, but many companies pay men a higher salary then women for the same job causing sex discrimination. Sex discrimination means that a person gets treated in a less favorable manner because of their sex. A good example of this is to take two fictional characters, Mr. and Mrs. Jones. The Joness wanted to go swimming. They get to the swimming pools where they find that Mrs. Jones is charged an discounted price while Mr. Jones has to pay the plenteous price even though they are both the same age. This is because women become pensioners at the age of sixty while men cannot gain the benefits until they are sixty-five. Sex discrimination is not only present within the older generation but is also evident throughout the entire age range. Before legislation was passed in the 1960s most young girls left school after certain number of years to receive a strong social message that their careers where already setup for them as marriage and motherhood. The only jobs they would be getting were tedious low paid jobs such as a position as a Secretary and be only looking forward to when they would meet a man, have a family and settle down.

Essay --

Asian Carp EssayArron Kruse11/28/13Choosing a spot in the Illinois River to fish or motorboat has function a very difficult task of late. Choose incorrectly and ones boat might all of a sudden be overtaken by hundreds of fish, several dozen pounds in weight and jumping several feet out of the water. These fish are silver carp, one of several types of Asian Carp in a flash present in many Midwest waterways. Having already overtaken and disrupted the ecosystem and economies of many Midwest waterways, the recent evidence that Asian Carp view as infiltrated the Great Lakes landmark fixs even more serious implications if a method of stopping them is not found. The bottom feeding common-carp was introduced to the United States in the 1800s by immigrants who were aghast at the lack of a fish that was so prized in Asia and Europe in America. They are now well-established, but being smaller bottom-feeders they dont pose as much of a threat as Asian Carp. Asian Carp were imported to the U nited States in the Early 1970s to enhance sportfishing and control algae in sewage treatment areas. They were originally supposed to be held in contained areas, but very soon they escaped the breeding ponds during floods. Since and then they have spread outward in a variety of ways. The silver carps ability to jump has sped its rapid expansion because it was able to jump over barriers some other fish couldnt. Adult Asian Carp have no natural predators in the US and are prolific breeders, laying hundreds of thousands of eggs at a time allowing them to spread with almost no interruption. They have also made it through lock systems as boats passed through. Before the dangers of Asian Carp were fully mute fishermen would sometimes use baby Asian Carp as bait which fur... ...n just a few were to traverse the lakes. It is clear that Asian Carp have found a new home in the United States. They have been able to spread easily and without almost any barriers throughout the Mississippi watershed, they are swimming on the precipice of the Great Lakes watershed. As of now they appear to be being kept out, but only by the slimmest of barriers. If they were to break through in that respect would be very little chance at stopping them from the damage they would inflict on the wildlife and people who need the lakes for their livelihood. It is no longer just a cause for scientists and environmentalists to take up, this is a cause that threatens everybody in the Mississippi and Great Lakes Watershed. If we dont act now we may be too late, in fact we may already be too late. Ask not what your watershed can do for you, ask what you can do for your watershed.

Learning to be a Citizen of Cyberspace :: Technology Education Papers

Learning to be a Citizen of Cyberspace Most researchers agree that the issue of a acquaintance-based society will bring slightly fundamental changes in the production, distribution and exchange of information and that most every social and cultural launching will be changed in some way, but none more than gentilityal activity (Negroponte, 1995 Oppenheimer, 1997 Stevenson, 1997 Upitis, 1997). This is because, more than any other social institution, education is fundamentally about knowledge, information, and communication. Although it certainly makes use of material tools and sometimes results in the production of material goods, these are ancillary to the fundamental process of education people use knowledge to create more knowledgable people. It is therefore not surprising to find considerable support for transforming education so that it is as fully independent as accomplishable from geographic location and physical space. If education does not require a specific spatial loc ation or a building then it keister be delivered from anywhere to anywhere. This will, some argue, transform the fundamental infrastructure of education at every level, starting particularly at the post-secondary level, and will fundamentally chafe local community, or even national control over education. The development of on-line courses, libraries and other information resources, and the marketing of distant or on-line education by businesses and schools eager to profit from opportunities to expand their horizons, are the beginning of what some see as a revolution in learning. (Veccia, 1998 Wilson, 1997) In addition to overcoming geographical constraints on the delivery of education, refreshful technologies promise to expand the basic nature of education. In quantitative terms, computer communication is opening up vast new sources of information and learning by enabling on-line access that frees schools from complete dependence on paper delivery. Associated with this is the a bility to link written with audio and optical material that can enrich the full range of the learners senses. The technology also creates a qualitative expansion in the means of education by taking a process rooted in the one-way delivery of knowledge and making it more participatory and reciprocal. Education moves from an emphasis on transmitting information to the active creation of knowledge. Moreover, according to this view, computer communication takes a system of learning based in narrow linear, narrative forms, and opens it up to a wide range of non-linear, exploratory processes that allow the learner to make full use of his or her own multiple cognitive maps. As a result students mutually constitute their learning environments, all of which grow in the learning process.

Learning to be a Citizen of Cyberspace :: Technology Education Papers

Learning to be a Citizen of Cyberspace Most researchers agree that the growth of a knowledge-based society will bring about fundamental changes in the production, distribution and exchange of information and that most every social and cultural institution will be changed in rough way, but none more(prenominal) than education (Negroponte, 1995 Oppenheimer, 1997 Stevenson, 1997 Upitis, 1997). This is because, more than any other social institution, education is fundamentally about knowledge, information, and conversation. Although it certainly aims use of worldly tools and sometimes results in the production of material goods, these are ancillary to the fundamental process of education people use knowledge to create more knowledgable people. It is therefore not surprising to find ample support for transforming education so that it is as fully independent as possible from geographic location and physical space. If education does not require a specific spatial location or a buildi ng then it can be delivered from anywhere to anywhere. This will, some argue, transform the fundamental infrastructure of education at every level, starting particularly at the post-secondary level, and will fundamentally erode local community, or even national control over education. The phylogenesis of on-line courses, libraries and other information resources, and the marketing of distant or on-line education by businesses and schools eager to profit from opportunities to expand their horizons, are the beginning of what some see as a revolution in learning. (Veccia, 1998 Wilson, 1997) In addition to overcoming geographical constraints on the delivery of education, new technologies promise to expand the basic character of education. In quantitative terms, computer communication is opening up vast new sources of information and learning by enabling on-line access that frees schools from thoroughgoing(a) dependence on paper delivery. Associated with this is the ability to link wri tten with audio and visual material that can enrich the full range of the learners senses. The technology also creates a qualitative expansion in the means of education by taking a process rooted in the unidirectional delivery of knowledge and making it more participatory and reciprocal. Education moves from an emphasis on transmitting information to the active creation of knowledge. Moreover, according to this view, computer communication takes a system of learning based in narrow linear, narrative forms, and opens it up to a wide range of non-linear, exploratory processes that allow the learner to make full use of his or her own multiple cognitive maps. As a result students mutually constitute their learning environments, all of which grow in the learning process.

Advertising Paragraph Tenth Essay

Advertising is one of the best ways to get consumers attention. When the ad is spiced up with handsome men and beautiful women enjoying the great outdoors, people are probably to take a look at the ad, thinking it may be for a nice vacation or possibly for something healthy, but to the consumers surprise, its an ad for Newport cigarettes. How does this affect the audience? By creating an environment on the ad that is bright, lively and colorful, along with attractive men and women, it really gets the consumers attention well. The cigarette companies necessitate used this strategy for years to reach their audiences, and the Newport ad is no different. The advertisement for Newport brand cigarettes does a good job of getting the consumers attention and even merchandising cigarettes in widely distributed, but when it comes to the advertisement of its own brand, the ad really lacks effectiveness. Looking at the picture, the only part of the ad that wanders the Newport brand are the t hree lesser packs of cigarettes in the top right corner and the word Newport.Everything else in the picture is just for getting the consumers attention. The main target audiences for this carrefour are most plausibly avid male smokers, however, the ad can be geared towards both sexes. By showing the serviceman running in front of the woman with the trip the light fantastic toe board, he becomes the focal point. When looking at the picture, with the three packs of cigarettes and the text pleasure sitting directly above the mans head along with the set phrase fire it up pointing directly to the male, really shows how much to a greater extent attention they want on or even from males. Also, by matching the colors of the mans bathing suit, boogie board and the text, shows that the ad is more interested in helping the consumer focus on the man rather than the woman. It is because of these points that the ad fails to sell the Newport brand to both sexes. Another reason this ad fails to sell its product well is because it seems they put more attention into the picture, its surroundings and exaggerations, rather than the actual product Newport cigarettes.It seems they are depicting that even when the consumer smokes cigarettes, he or she can have a sexy, toned, muscular body and feel great all the time. This obviously is not true, considering that cigarettes contribute to weight gain, loss of respiratory stamina and m any(prenominal) forms of cancer. Along with these disadvantages come stained teeth and bad breath, which all accompany the true criteria of an terrene smoker. One of the most interesting selling points in this picture are the words fire it up posted right above the surgeon generals warning. Positioning these words above the warning is a gross example of how much the cigarette companies dont care about the prejudicious effects their cigarettes have on their customers.Knowing that their product kills hundreds of thousands of people a year and perman ently disables thousands of others, their decision to place this phrase above such a serious warning tells me that they want to convince the consumer to completely disregard how unsafe cigarettes really are. Also, the fact that the phrase fire it up does not include any information about the Newport brand cigarette itself also shows that the company really failed to sell its own brand. For an avid male smoker such as my-self, this ad does what it is intended to do. It makes us think to ourselves, man, I could really go for a cigarette.The ad does this well by setting a trigger off inside(a) the consumers head, to start thinking about cigarettes. Unfortunately, when it comes to the advertisement selling its own brand, the ad really falls short, since the company producing the ad put more property into making the advertisement visually appealing rather than focusing on selling their own brand. In the future, it would be more advantageous for the company, if they focused more on inte grating the specific benefits of using their brand over others, rather than creating an eye pleasing advertisement.

Business Law I Chapter 9 Answers Essay

1. Consideration consists of mutual commutation of gains and losses between contracting parties. In the exchange, a gain by the offer is at the resembling quantify a loss to the offeror. The legal term used to designate the gain that each party experiences is that partys legal benefit. Consideration has three characteristics 1) The accord must involve a bargained-for exchange 2)the contract must involve adequate consideration and 3) the benefits and detriments seed must themselves be legal. 2. A legal detriment pot be any of the following 1) doing something that one has a legal responsibility not to do 2) giving up something that one has a legal right to keep and 3) regaining from doing something that one has a legal right to do. 3. The law depart not enforce an agreement that has not been bargained for. An agreement involves a bargained-for exchange when 1) a promise is make in exchange for an early(a) promise, 2) a promise is made in exchange for an act, or 3) a promise is made for forbearance of an act.4. A court may refuse to enforce a contract or any clause of a contract if is considers the contract or clause unconscionable, that is, the consideration is so ridiculously inadequate that it shocks the courts conscience. This designation usually happens when there is a great inequality in negotiate power between the two parties. 5. Consideration canful be a promise not to sue. A promise not to sue, when there is right, or at least the app bent right, to sue, is enforceable when it is support by consideration. Promising not to sue is forbearance. Acceptance of an agreement not to sue, supported by consideration, terminates ones right to continue any lawsuit, presently or on the future, on grounds described in the agreement.6. There are three ways that the courts can seek to uphold charitable pledges. The first way involves actual consideration, which occurs when charitable contributions are made on the condition that the promisor be remembered for t he gift by having his or her name inscribed in some way on a memorial associated with the project. Another approach is to use either promissory estoppel or public policy to support the claim. Also, when there is no promise to carry out a specific project, the courts have held each pledge made is supported by the pledges of all others who have made similar pledges. This concept of consideration is used in support of all promises of money for undefined causes.7. If a creditor accepts as full payment anamount that is less than the amount due, the dispute has been settled by an accord and satisfaction. Accord is the implied or expressed acceptance of less than what has been charge the debtor. Satisfaction is the agreed-to settlement contained in the accord. Only if the dispute is honest, and the offer to settle made in good faith, and not superficial or trivial will the courts entertain arguments based on accord and satisfaction. 8. The agreements that be enforceable by a court of law e ven though they lack consideration are a) Promises down the stairs seal enforceable in some states for contracts not involving goods Unenforceable under UCC for contracts involving goods.b) Promises after discharge in bankruptcy enforceable in close states. c) Promise to pay debts barred by statute of limitation enforceable. d) Promises enforced by promissory estoppel enforceable only if offeror knew that offeree would rely on the promise and offeree places himself in a different and difficult position as a result of that promise. e) Option enforceable under UCC if made by a merchant, in writing, stating the time period over which the offer will remain.9. Promissory estoppel is a legal doctrine that restricts a party from denying that a promise was made under certain conditions, even though consideration has not been exchanged to bind an agreement. To be effective, promissory estoppel requires that the party making the promise know, or be presumed to know, that the other part y might otherwise make a definite and decided change of position in contemplation of those promises. In reaching this doctrine, courts have real the principles of justice and fairness in protecting the party receiving the promise from otherwise unrecoverable loses. 10. Shopping online is one of the fastest growing market places on record. in spite of its many advantages (quick & efficient, comparison shopping, availability of hard-to-get products) , there are many difficulties Cyber-payment option Wide variety of methods. One of the most popular methods is by credit/ debit entry card.Most online sellers will accept the major credit cards such as Visa, Master Card. This type of system protects both the buyer and the seller. This touch may become the most acceptable process because most of the times when people buy and sell incyberspace they are dealing with strangers. The online payment process eliminates the identity verification problem. This is important because one of the big gest concerns about online shopping is security. Cyber-Payment Security Issues the ease and efficiency of using credit/debit cards is frequently equipoise by the security concerns associated with their use. The US is not up-to-date as the EU in providing info and privacy protection to its consumers.The EU Data Protection directing along with EU E-Privacy Directive guarantee the rights of European citizens while at the same time ensuring the smooth exchange of data among those nation-states that honor the privacy and data protection standards themselves. US corporations that are involved with EU corporations must demonstrate that, despite the lack of legislation in the US, the companies themselves will promise to honor the same degree of protection to data and to privacy as guaranteed by the EU. These guarantees have been labeled the Safe Harbor Principles. They are enforced by the US division of Commerce. It is best for a consumer to check directly with the US Department of Com merce to determine the true status of a company rather than just relying on the companys blanket assertion that they follow the safe harbor standards.

Mexican immigration

Mexican immigration has been considered as a distinct event that occupies a place in the history of unite States immigration. There are currently millions of Mexican Americans in the U.S., occupying almost all regions of the country. Their immigration started in the 20th century and the influx of Mexicans is still continuing to date. The tillage of Mexico and its US immigrants is complex, representing a combination of Spanish, Mexican and other indigenous tribal traditions and beliefs.The significant migration of Mexicans to the US has influenced the judiciary and public systems of the US. In addition, legislative rulings deferenceing immigration lead been constantly changing since the 20th century, mostly due to the Mexican migration. Interestingly, the US society has also experience variations in reception of these migrant individuals, ranging from a untoughened welcome to a cold feeling for unsolicited migrants. In return, the Mexican immigrants pee lcapitulumned to adapt to an ever-changing treatment in the US and suck become skilled at defending themselves from US citizens that show prejudice towards them.Today, a huge portion of the US creation is composed of Mexican immigrants. Their total in the US have made them prominent social and cultural group, influencing the employment of the Spanish row in most of the public operate and commercialized products. The Mexican food has been around the US for hundreds of years now, with its meals be a staple even to non-Mexican US citizens.The growth of the Latino population in the linked States has resulted in the significant observation of social and economic attempt factors that are associated with wellness. Mexican-Americans or the Latino population comprise the largest group of immigrants in the United States. Studies have revealed that the concept of having Mexican origins was an independent risk factor that influences conditions of being uninsured. Even though the word Latino is an acceptable d escriptor for this unique(predicate) population, other groups reason this ethnic group as Latino. Several studies have attempted to describe and evaluate the socio-demographic features of Mexican-Americans, including the health conditions and healthcare needs of this specific population (NIH, 2006).The Mexican-American population is considered an immigrant population, thusly it should also be noted that it takes time for this population to totally settle down in the United States (Schmidley, 2001). Studies show that first-generation Mexican American families experienced a more difficult living condition than subsequent generation. These include family income level, educational attainment and language. It has been generally observed that approximately 65% of the first-generation Mexican-Americans lived in poverty, and 75% of the heads of Mexican-American firm possessed slight than 9th grade education. It is also interesting to know that less that 10% of the Mexican-American ho useholds had a good command of English.First-generation Mexican American children had the highest rate of being uninsured (64.2%), which was significantly higher than the percentage describe for Hispanics as a whole. Significant differences persisted for the second- and third generation groups. In fact, each generational group of Mexican American children was more likely to be uninsured than either non-Hispanic pureness children or b pretermit children.It is also interesting to note that, among first-generation Mexican American children, in that respect were almost equal proportions of children with private and public health insurance. This is not surprising, because 70% of the heads of household were employed. A significantly greater proportion of first-generation children could be insured if their parents worked for employers who provided health insurance. Even when insurance is offered, however, numerous employed Hispanics in poor and low-income households decline coverage be causeof lack of affordability. earlier reports that immigrant children as a whole are less likely to have health insurance, less likely to have a usual source of care, and less likely to have had a doctors visit in the past year were limited in that they did not differentiate Hispanic subgroupsor generations. First-generation Mexican American children had much worse health care access than previously described for Hispanic children as a whole. Previous studiesshow that majority of Hispanic children had a usual source of care. With regard to immigrant children, 51% of all foreign-born children (including Latino, white, black, andAsian children) in working-poor families were uninsured and that 65% had a usual source of care, fireing that first-generation Mexican American children may also go worse than immigrant children considered as a whole. Even when first-generation MexicanAmerican children were insured, they had the lowest likelihood of having a regular source of care or a spec ific provider.First-generation Mexican American children also demonstrated the lowest levels of function of health care go, as assessed by visits to a medico, use of prescription practice of medicines, and screening for tryout and vision problems (Holl et al., 1995 Weinick and Krauss, 2000). Poor health care access is a know predictor of poor health care utilization however, the data also suggest that the first-generation group might have had decreased needs. For example, fewer reported earaches/infections in the first-generation group and lower levels of treatment for ear infections were logical with fewer visits to a physician for earache/infection.First-generation Mexican American children also had lower judge of reported cold or flu, pneumonia, and ear infections, which were consistent with lower rates of prescription medication use. Better health outcomes in recent immigrant populations form the basis of what has been described as the epidemiologic paradox (Trevino et al ., 1991). Despite the presence of demographic and socioeconomic risk factors, foreign-born Mexican American women have low birth weight infant birth rates and infant mortality rates similar to those of white women.It has not been confirmed that any advantage at birth persists into early childhood, and study results are conflicting. Mexican American mothers report low rates of asthma, coordination problems, psychologic and behavioural problems, speech problems, and mental retardation among their children, suggesting that immigrant children may fare better with regard to specific illnesses.A substantially higher itemize of first-generation Mexican American households reported Spanish as the primary language spoken and also had lower levels of health care access and utilization, compared with the other groups (Kurzon, 2000). Hispanic parents identify language problems, tenacious waits at the physicians office, lack of health insurance, difficulty paying medical bills, and difficulty arranging transportation as the greatest barriers to care (Halfon et al., 1997).However, several(prenominal) may not bring their children in for care if the medical staff does not understand Hispanic culture. This is an important realization that points to systemic factors, as remote to individual patient factors, as causes of racial/ethnic disparities in health care. The cultural shortcomings of clinical staff, including lack of Spanish language proficiency, lack of knowledge of Hispanic culture, and lack of Hispanic staff members, cannot be underestimated. Additional research is required to identify the specific barriers to health care access and utilization for specific population subgroups, the benefits of a culturally competent and language-friendly clinical environment, and the costs of creating and maintaining such an environment.Indeed, culture, cultural perspective, and/or cultural differences may account for a portion of the difference attributed to generational status (J ackson and Heroux, 1999). One of the most studied measures of acculturation, namely, language, reflected the first-generation Mexican American households, with most being primarily Spanish-speaking. Although the definitions of acculturation varied, past studies that used language preference as a measure of acculturation showed increased use of preventive services and decreased perceived barriers to care for Hispanics who spoke English.A substantially higher number of first-generation Mexican American households reported Spanish as the primary language spoken and also had lower levels of health care access and utilization, compared with the other groups. The language and culture of the medical office may have disproportionate effects on utilization of health care for first-generation immigrants (http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4389/is_200410/ai_n15294610).Hispanic parents identify language problems, long waits at the physicians office, lack of health insurance, difficulty payi ng medical bills, and difficulty arranging transportation as the greatest barriers to care. However, many may not bring their children in for care if the medical staff does not understand Hispanic culture. This is an important realization that points to systemic factors, as hostile to individual patient factors, as causes of racial/ethnic disparities in health care. The cultural shortcomings of clinical staff, including lack of Spanish language proficiency, lack of knowledge of Hispanic culture, and lack of Hispanic staff members, cannot be underestimated. Additional research is required to identify the specific barriers to health care access and utilization for specific population subgroups, the benefits of a culturally competent and language-friendly clinical environment, and the costs of creating and maintaining such an environment.First-generation Mexican American children also demonstrated the lowest levels of utilization of health care services, as assessed by visits to a phy sician, use of prescription medications, and screening for hearing and vision problems. Poor health care access is a known predictor of poor health care utilization. The first-generation group might have had decreased needs. For example, fewer reported earaches/infections in the first-generation group and lower levels of treatment for ear infections were consistent with fewer visits to a physician for earache/infection.First-generation Mexican American children also had lower rates of reported cold or flu, pneumonia, and ear infections, which were consistent with lower rates of prescription medication use. Better health outcomes in recent immigrant populations form the basis of what has been described as the epidemiologic paradox. Previous studies of perinatal outcomes showed that, despite the presence of demographic and socioeconomic risk factors, foreign-born Mexican American women have low birth weight infant birth rates and infant mortality rates similar to those of white women. It has not been confirmed that any advantage at birth persists into early childhood, and study results are conflicting. Previous studies suggested that Mexican American mothers report low rates of asthma, coordination problems, psychologic and behavioral problems, speech problems, and mental retardation among their children, suggesting that immigrant children may fare better with regard to specific illnesses.The generational status alone may account for lower developmental scores among Mexican American children. Lower rates of specific illnesses among first-generation Mexican American children come out to support the epidemiologic paradox, suggesting that first-generation Mexican American children had decreased health care needs with respect to the conditions reported. This might have translated into decreased utilization of health services for this group. The theory that Mexican American children become less healthy as they become more acculturated has now been assessed and review ed. Subsequent generations reported higher prevalence of the illnesses tested, adding to distinguish in the literature that Hispanic immigrant children have health outcomes and indicators that worsen with greater acculturation and each successive generation (NIH, 2007).ReferencesHalfon N, Wood DL, Valdez RB, Pereyra M and Duan N (1997) Medicaid enrollment and health services access by Latino children in inner-city Los Angeles. JAMA 277636641Holl JL, Szilagyi PG, Rodewald LE, Byrd RS and Weitzman ML (1995) Profile of uninsured children in the United States. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 149398406http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4389/is_200410/ai_n15294610Jackson M and Heroux J (1999) Program to address sociocultural barriers to health care in Hispanic communities. topic Program Report. Retrieved from http//eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/19/d5/46.pdfKurzon VP (2000) Mexican-American culture and antepartum management. Grad. Res. Nursing. R etrieved from http//www.graduateresearch.com/kurzon.htm.National Institutes of Health (2007) Health disparities. Bethesda NIH.National Institutes of Health (2007) U.S.-born Hispanics may have poorer health than immigrants. Retrieved from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_52026.htmlSchmidley AD (2000) Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States. Washington, DC US Government Printing Office. US Census Bureau Current Population Reports, series. p23-206.Trevino FM, Moyer ME, Valdez RB, Stroup-Benham CA (1991) Health insurance coverage and utilization of health services by Mexican Americans, mainland Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans. JAMA 265233237.Weinick RM, Krauss NA. Racial/ethnic differences in childrens access to care. Am. J. Public Health. 9017711774.

Partners Healthcare Case Aanlysis Essay

Partners Healthcare had established several financial resources pusss, such as the short-term pool (s.t.p.) and the LTP, so that they discharge satisfy various needs of the several hospitals in the network. In more detail, the STP was invested with very high-quality, short-term fixed-income financial instruments. The average maturity of these instruments is about one to two years. STP is ceaselessly treated as the encounter-free part of the hospitals holdings. On the other hand, the LTP is thought as the tough part of holdings. It consists of different forms of equity and a littler fixed-income part.In order to diversify the risks of the LTP, the Partners Investment Committee introduced a new type of assets, objective assets, into the original LTP during the past years. Both of the assets performance turned to be excellent during 2004. As a result, the Investment Committee was considering expanding the real-asset segment of the LTP. Michael Manning, the deputy treasurer of Par tners Healthcare System, was asked to recommend the size and the composition for the real-asset portfolio contributed to the $2.4 billion long-term pool (LTP) in the Partners. Facts and AnalysisDue to the fact that different Partners Healthcare hospitals might have different acceptable risk levels for their investment portfolio then the most likely solution would be to invest both in risk-free STP and risky LTP. By choosing different mixes each hospital could achieve their acceptable risk level.Since the STP has a nearly fixed rate of degenerate considered to be risk free for each hospitals own portfolio, the variation from LTP would lastly determine the risk and return level of individual portfolio. Using long-term historical entropy, Manning and his staff calculated average annual returns, volatilities, and correlational statisticss for each of the asset classes (exhibit 3). Since real assets belong to LTP, there is no direct impact on the STP returns from investing in this ca tegory. Given the current mix of Domestic Equities (55%), Foreign Equities (30%) and LT Bonds (15%) and our anticipate return for each category (exhibit 3), the expected return of the LTP is calculated from the following formula e.g. E(Rp)= 0.55(0.1294)+0.30(0.1242)+0.15(0.054) = 10.8%In order to uprise the best portfolio allocation, the group needs to find the portfolio structured with lowest risk under a given return. This can be achieved by applying Mean-Variance Theory and Markowitz model find the efficient frontier, which yields the most optimal portfolio under given returns. It can be expressed in mathematical terms and solved by quadratic programming. Appendix AIn this case, the Partners treasury Department has computed all the portfolios for minimum level of risk with different types of assets, more specifically, instituteing Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), Commodities or both, from an undefined approach. Since the results are identical as calculated from Mean-Va riance Theory, they should be the optimal portfolios for each target level of return. Therefore a graph with efficient frontier, which represents the optimal portfolios with different assets, is make outed based on render 5 to 8 for comparison. Appendix B Technically, any portfolio on the efficient frontier is an optimized portfolio and is indifferent from each other in terms of risk/return trade off.From the take chances VS Return graph, we can see that for any given return, the portfolio with both REITs and commodities would yield the lowest risk. Also, the portfolio with only commodities would outperform the portfolio with only REITs. For instance, if we invest in both REITs and Commodities, in order to obtain a return of 10%, the new proportion of the LTP will be portfolio 4 with approximately US justness 14.3%, Foreign Equity 27.5%, Bonds 22.2%, REITs 13.8%, and Commodities 22.3%. It produces the lowest risk of 8.49%, comparing to original portfolio of 9.94%, REITs only por tfolio of 9.69% and Commodities only portfolio of 8.49%. This is the basic concept of diversification, which means that the more assets with less correlation are introduced to the portfolio the less risky the portfolio will be for any achievable rate of return. 1For the overall portfolio, each hospital can allocate between the STP and the LTP. In fact, they can always construct the most efficient portfolio for their acceptable risk level with combination of LTP, which holds the risky assets, and STP, which holds the risk-free asset according to The One-Fund Theorem. 2 For example, if the shareholders want a total return of X, with a 3.2% return of STP and a 10% return of LTP, the proportion of STP and LTP can be obtained through X= w(0.032) + (1-w)(0.10)And it is guaranteed to be the optimal portfolio. tied(p) though Mean-Variance theory can allocate the most optimal portfolio, there are several flaws with its assumptions. First of all, it assumes that assets returns are normally di stributed. However, often times, its ascertained that asset returns are more like to be fat-tailed distribution, 3 instead of having thin tails like normal distribution. Second of all, it assumes there is a constant correlation between different assets.However, under certain conditions, for example, severe financial crisis like 2008, all assets tend to be positively correlated with decreasing rate of return. Depending on the total time period used for historical data, it can place an impact on the long term correlation. Aside from the assumptions, the time period of data can also affect each variable. In this case, the client uses data started from 1970 for the new asset classes, which might not be as representative as using long term historical data from 1926 as they did with the US equities and US long-term bonds. This can have some impacts on the returns, standard deviations, and correlations depending on the movement of assets from 1926 to 1970. RecommendationBy comparing the da ta in the table of Exhibit 5a with the numerical results shown in Exhibit 6 and Exhibit 7, as sound as the efficient frontier constructed, we can derive the conclusion that with the same expected returns, the most optimal portfolio is to add both REITs and commodities. In other words, we can control the risk of LTP by expanding the portion of real assets. If only one asset is allowed to be added to the real asset category, its more efficient to add the commodities than the REITs based on the position of the efficient frontier. Therefore, with a combination of risk free STP and the improved LTP, each individual hospital is able to construct the most optimized portfolio under any given risk level.