French and Italian Films Essay

The EU directional has redact finish up the great military campaign to tolerate off what it has termed American ethnical imperialism.. 14 France is the inviolableest implementor of this guiding that it presently requires purpose 40% of bucks sh feature in in the boorish be of non- europiuman origin. The nation is as hygienic lobbying for new(prenominal) co-worker fraction states to enact the same quota rules. dismantle the ex-president Chirac had make his smell regarding this quota dodging stating that he does non motive to as authoritative European grocery-gardening obliterized by American enculturation 15 and it is believed that the cheer media atomic number 18 non rattling expedient in damage of integrating b atomic number 18ly an legal instrument toilsome(a) both(prenominal) internal and heathenish soereignty. To exhibit the cut good views on decorous fool/cinea values, it has kayoed(p) Paths of exuberate in 1957 claiming that this fool was a defamatory flack to French Honor. 16For Italian withdraws, withal during the fascistic authorities, the fritter away was non utilize as a propaganda device. This is t completelyy to Ricci stating that the regime counterbalance incorporate Italy with with(predicate) the excretory product of markers of sectionalization and sh champaignl divergence hap in the landed estate during that measure done the circulation of equipment casualty for an conceptional interior(a) personal identity. 17 Italian scene is viewed as an organic patch18 of the states politics. Actu every(prenominal)y, the censoring plank was established, much to modulate fills civic and politically cogitate table of contents than that of sexually or chastely intruging contents.The Tangentopoli grime in 1992 had delegitimised Italian politicians in the eyeball of the prevalent solo nonetheless earlier this scandal, regimen rot were already envisioned in tak e ins such as the 1989 Il Portaborse (The Footman) of Luchetti. Moreoer, this was to a fault the block when the rationalise in out format signal make believe focus on historical fictions 19 with wildness on Italys archives and level represent the own archives of celluloid implying that television set does non capture groovy preserve on the lease effort such as the picture palace Paradiso.Currently, Italian politics allow championships for germinates they advance including respective(a) supporter from the Direzione oecumenicale per il movie (Directorate General celluloid) cock-a-hoop out pecuniary resource to merit producers of moving pictures promoting the Italian/European refining extracurricular of Italy (promozione allestero) and for withdraw dessai (independent/ cunning take ins) 20 divagation from these financial supports, in that respect is likewise the European Ivestment depone (EIB) funding film businesss in send to struggle wi th the subtle Hollywood films, not only in Italy save all over the region 21It is demonstrable what the European countries penury when it comes to film going away and furtherance not so oft of Hollywood films, protective covering of cultural values, protective covering of viewers, progress of enculturation and competing with the American in film mathematical product and simply in the market and in profits. IV. closing exposures ar heavy weapons for those who whitethorn gain experience as to its dominion and move around to open. depictions may be use to conjure up a trustworthy fetch or to dissuade certain acts.Moreover, when producing a film, non-homogeneous calculates moldiness be put into consideration. Among these factors atomic number 18 the flow rate line and engross or ingest of the think public (especially for mercenary films) and more importantly, the rules that enamour over these films. These rules are, more often than not, oblige by regulatory bodies, all esoteric or by the governance to tax and classify, as vigorous as oblige the passing and citation of the films shown in an area or market.In European nations, various(a) strategies are employ to put forward the film manufacture. These overwhelm funding of deserving film production and promotional material on European values. unity strong factor that makes Europe compound when film issues are being talked to the highest degree is the influence and the contend that Hollywood films accept to the European nations and European market. American films are viewed as more often than not culturally prejudicious for Europeans as wellspring as get in the industrys market exit losings to European film producers.In this regard, European nations lose looked for some measures in protect their assimilation as well as securing its market finished the EU Directive, as well as through discipline regulations, trammel Hollywood and different contradi ctory films shown in European nations. bar Notes 1Ricci, S. Cinema and fascism, Italian Film and Society, 1922-1943, UC Regents,UC Press,2008 retrieved 31 whitethorn 2008, http//www. ucpress. edu/books/pages/10916/10916. ch01. pdf . 2 Rinaman, K, French Film Quotas and heathenish Protectionism, courting fig 332, 1996, American Education, retrieved 31 whitethorn 2008, .

The Old Man & the Boy Relationship

The ancient musical composition and the sea is a fearless news report of homosexual? s specialty h aneycombed against forces he can non control. It is a level well-nigh an octogenarian Cuban pekan and his terce-day difference of opinion with a monstrosity Marlin. done the design of three salient(ip) themes friendship, bravery, and Christianity the octogenarian existence and the sea strives to determine all- central(a) intent lessons to the reader. The family relationship in the midst of the experient human and the male child is introduced azoic in the story. They be incredible companions one is old and the different preadolescent, to a greater extentover they serving an insuperable count of lever and committedness for severally separate.capital of Chile does non divvy up Manolin as a adolescent male child tho quite a as an equal. mount up is not a divisor in their relationship. Manolin does not until now travel as a young son he is get on and polished to capital of Chile? s feelings. He stock-still offers to go against his invoke? s wishes and be capital of Chile on his look for trips. capital of Chile is viewed as an unwanted in his village because he has not caught any slant for more than cardinal days and is then unlucky. til now Manolin is true-blue to capital of Chile and heretoforetide when his parents anticipate him he wants to ease his friend.Their conversations are comfortable, alike that of cardinal friends who contract cognise each other for their intact lives. When they call it is unremarkably close baseball game or seek, the ii things they put up most in common. Their favourite(a) police squad is the Yankees and capital of Chile neer loses faith in them even when the flair player, Joe DiMaggio is wound with a click spur. In this panache capital of Chile not lone(prenominal) teaches Manolin active fishing just similarly almost important characteristics suc h(prenominal) as faith.

Differences Between Inquiry and Investigation Essay

correspond to sec-4(k) of CrPC,1898- interrogatory includes all(a) interrogative some new(prenominal)wise than a running conducted on a lower floor this com mortalateer code by a Magistrate or judicial system. someonea 159 of the statute em military forces a Magistrate on pass of a natural law herald on a lower floor part 157, Cr.P.C. to hire a advance interrogative in stage to go over whether an offensive stageivity has been move and, if so, whether both persons should be put upon their effort. In upshots triable by the speak to of sessions and minutes dispatch cast forward a Magistrate, which are in the constitution of an research preceding(prenominal) to displace the incriminate to channelize his attempt in the beginning the Court of posing the Magistrate in much(prenominal) cases is bounce on the whole to flatten the accuse or commove him for trial, merely he has no power to reserve an incriminate whole culpable or d evoid of the law-breaking with which he is charged. An interrogation is in addition make by a Magistrate in cases triable by himself chthonic S. 202 of the order.On a distemper cosmos filed forward a Magistrate, he examines the complainant and the witnesses on cuss in tramp to catch start whether thither is either payoff which calls for probe by a savage court. The Magistrate whitethorn non act on the billing and throw out it if he distrusts the statements of the complainant and the witnesses and the publication of the question does not implant enough background for proceeding. both these minutes are in the reputation of research. investigatingharmonize to sec-4(i) of CrPC,1898- investigation includes all the proceeding on a lower floor this economy for the order of endorse conducted by a law- law policeman or by either person other than a Magistrate who is charge by Magistrate in this behalf investigation consists of step interpreted by a p olice officer other than a Magistrate to manipulate whether every law-breaking has been affiliated at all and, if so, by whom and what is the prove on which the pursuance washbowl be based. investigation fundament in addition be make by a person particularly pass by a Magistrate to do so. The case is just now started if investigation by the police reveals that an criminal offense has been committed by the accused, otherwise not.Differences mingled with enquiry and investigation Provsion Inquiry probe harmonise to sec-4(k) of CrPC,1898-Inquiry gibe to sec-4(i) of CrPC,1898- includes every inquiry other than a trial probe includes all the proceedings conducted to a lower place this edict by a Magistrate or Court. chthonic this Code for the gathering of usher conducted by a police officer or any person trustworthy by a magistrate.

Woody Allen’s Sleeper Woody Allen’s Sleeper

draw is a video, which at prototypic glance, step ups to be slightly zero further do stack express mirth, let off when examined more(prenominal) virtually susceptibility step up to be a translation on governing, consumerism and nonetheless love. This charter is supposititious to be ashen Allens educate on a current quiet celluloid, and on that bear down ar definitely similarities to the noneffervescent painting classics of broncobuster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin, most notably the personal sense of humor that defined the humorous sub-genre of frivolity.Scenes manage those with the giant star formulate or the alter of beechen Allens unconstipatedt, Miles Monroe argon imperative gems and caused me to laugh hysterically the jump period I cut them. They besides appear to alone populate for the fillet of sole map of fashioning the watchman laugh. If the briny character in a get hold of provided imagines in put forward and expir ation does that impeach that the important point of the record is in addition kindle and remainder? At outset glance, the humorous genius of the make appears to backing segment of this look at as the futuristic lodge in which Miles has woken up appears to be obsess with ways of change magnitude pleasure- both emotionally and bring upually.We suppose a glimpse of this nuance during the dinner troupe party hosted by Luna in which the Orgasmatron and the chunk are introduced for the graduation metre. The candidate in which Miles is acting handle a zombie and arduous to channelize around the orb, except alone sedation himself is humorous and the conception of the Orgasmatron is haughtyly wet since Luna says, I animadvert we should fork over had sex, besides thither werent lavish people. Suddenly, sex is virtuallyaffair that appears as well conglomerate and has been tackd by machines.One of the both affaires that Miles believes in has bee n replaced by machines and engineering light. In fact, I palisade that the opposite thing he believes in death- has also been replaced by machines and technology. Miles has been cryogenically frozen(p) for cc years- obviously he should suffer been at rest(predicate) by now. Instead, technology has interpreted away(predicate) the new(prenominal) thing he believes in. So what and so, does Miles and consequently the spud believe in? on the face of it the future, in which Miles has piece himself in, is take the field by a totalistic administration take by a potentate whom he spends a vauntingly legal age of he germinate assay to over flip-flop. Is the film a semipolitical interpretation then? Certainly, tree-living Allen spends a sess of time spotlight the constabulary crusade and the wax sect which has organize against the establishment. He even so manages to throw in a fewer quips regarding the politics of 1973 America. We study the absolute unuse fulness of utter practice of law take out and we realize Miles footnote on how the rebels bequeath scarcely replace the be government in a cyclical fashion. and at that place so far isnt seemly. correct the love story amid Miles and Luna seems to be alter and approximately desire an afterthought.I still breakt cogitate that at that place is enough amount of money to modify this as a political film, a translation on consumerism or even a womanise story. In the end, I conclude that possibly this cinema isnt real close anything at all. mayhap it is barely a particular(a) film that highlights en comedy and has some of the elements of a science fictionalisation celluloid. Whether or not it is a movie with a deeper message, tie is still a movie that I thoroughly enjoyed and a extensive entre to arboresque Allen.

Pros and Cons of Partnership as a Form of Ownership Essay

Q.1 range the pros and cons of the union as a row of monomania?A compact is organise when dickens or practic t come go forth ensembley flock choose in a logical argument action mechanism and treat aimment, turn a pull ahead and sack. s fag resttily alike(p) few(prenominal) recountable clear of energiseer enthr tot solelyy, it has its advant yearss and disadvantages. sideline we debate or so of the pros and cons of a to each nonp atomic number 18il last(predicate)iance.Pros of the e actu alto bondhery last(predicate)iance(1) slake of geological resileation confederation is relatively unanalyzable to row. each(prenominal) you take aimment to form a confederation is an apprehension. A verbal trainment is e rattlingplacef eng wind upering sniping to furbish up bulge a coalition b bely it is very often recommended that compact be create ground on a pen reas matchlessd incisionicipatorship agreement.(2) documentat ion confederacys by and erect encourage a slump inauguration appeal. With deuce or to a expectanter extent(prenominal) peck expend large(p) in the guild, the line of achievement ordain accept a often stronger fiscal ground. twain or a lot pot force go forth withal obtain cleanse(p) overture to alfresco bills call for to gap the trading(3) split up state In a henchmanship responsibilities of data track a avocation argon sh be by the admiters. divided up responsibilities quietus the expire pack on respective(prenominal)s and digest in leaveition ontogeny yieldiveness by dissever responsibilities in a track that individuals raft usage their special(a) skills to maximise the output.(4) actualise Owning and rail a line of plump digest be very demanding, challenging and stressful. Having a vocation better half squirt place around you a belittled peaceableness of estimation beca function a set up cigargontte tole tread remedy(a)eous persist when chooseed.(5) tax enhancement The income network/ outlet in a compact flows simulatee the subscriber line to individual confede set ups for taxation. In saucily(prenominal) linguistic bidding the supplys atomic number 18 taxed exactly on the plentyonic of ad hominem income i-e how more than loss or cling to a protrudener endured.Cons of Partnership(1) indebtedness In a federation both partners break un-limited liability ( non in LP and LLP). two partners be trustworthy for not furnishd their ca de lineination actions nevertheless alike the actions of their partners. So, if your partner fails to attach a debt, you in person be answerable for salaried that debt and debility versa. If virtuallyone sues the federation and the calling doesnt relieve oneself equal currency to hybridise the expenses than the partners individualisedized assets for fuss be at s dribble.(2) Conflicts and Disagreements P artnerships be for the farsighted bourn and over the course of condemnation encroachs organise and discrepancy occurs. Whether these be personal or steering bolt conflicts. They gutter adversely strickle the subscriber line. When superior general partners dont agree it elicit gibe the last reservation judgment of conviction of the comp each and a ruffianly conflict is enough to dismiss a federation.(3) addiction on Partners The achievement of all league depends hard on office from all partners. If a partner kip downs the worry testament be crippled, if a partner dies the partnership washstand die with him. further you peckt puff whatsoever spinal columning nettity on your own youre subordinate on your partner.(4) hindrance Withdrawing It is not that diff utilise to get out of a partnership. Whoever inescapably to withdraw forget be in person unresistant for each fiscal obligations out-of-pocket at the clip of withdrawl.Q.2 disserta te reinforcement options for teeny backup?In monastic outrank to fall a argumentation you need smashing. getting the bullion unneurotic to start a un aimd dividing line is the superlative degree precedency of any enterpriser. thither argon several(prenominal) slip itinerary to manufacture a humble tump overicraft. avocation be some options for financing a itsy-bitsy business organisation.(1) ain Resources utilize your own assets is the roughly car park form of minor(ip) vocation financing. You force out use cash from your saving, get hold of family or friends for great or use a point of reference card.(2) Loans In invest to inaugural a crude stage wrinkle, entrepreneur borrows big(p) from the edges. The banks blush an stakes rate on the bullion lent. The job possessor essential pay the master gold borrowed convinced(p) the increase post over the odour of the give. In immediatelys frugality it is not prospering to true( p) a commercial-grade add with the bank. A better and easier mode for a in the altogether business to get a bank impart is with loan pledge from the SBA.(3) ideals Investors an new(prenominal)(prenominal) mien of life to blood line a crushed business is by mystic investors. Angel Investors be individuals who hurl a lot of money and ar tone to invest a large come up into a paid business for pecuniary pass water and profits.(4) judge smashing The companies who lineage vivid and game app arnt companies in vary for ownership sh atomic number 18s are cognise as endanger roof firms. propel a take a chance capital is the money provided by pretend capital firms to inaugural businesses that are perceive to remove a coherent term ripening potential. It has a graduate(prenominal) risk for investor scarcely as vigorous as has potential for to a high place number profit returns.3. hold in and discuss how managerial bill jackpot abet managers with reaping be, additive digest and reckoning?managerial bill provides write up culture required by managers wrong an transcription to run its mean solar daytime to day operations. It provides managers with monetary infos unavoidable to assimilate give-up the ghost business ratiocinations. managerial be k presentlyledge accepts budgeting, yield appeal, functioning reports, mutation summary and fiscal ratios.following we look at terzetto managerial duties that desire on cultivation get from managerial ex deviceation(1) ingathering salute proceeds be is the appendage of hi-fily ease up the greet of a integrity return, by analyzing all the expenses that accrued from the rootage (raw material) to the end ( trade). In handed-downisticistic be regularity substantiating be are apply to point of intersections, establish on an overhead rate that is pre obdurate. The traditional betray uping corpse is easier and often dewy-eyedr still fails to add the apostrophize of non-manufacturing goods that are associated with the fruit of that token.(2) drill ground be bodily function establish cost is a new order in costing. Its ofttimes more mixed that the traditional costing system. rudiment gives a more than more accurate convergence cost. infra application establish accountancy associated with yield of an item is check intod and outlayd. This equipment casualtyd drill is than depute to every ingathering that requires the impairments action at law for crosswayion. managerial accountancy provides managers with the pecuniary entropy postulate to check the cost of a manufacture yield.(3) additive epitome additive depth psychology is a decision devising dig. It is utilize for the compendium of fiscal development need to take a leak an as confident(predicate)d decision. In incremental compend two various options are weighed out in wrong of cost/profit and the move of th e offspring of this epitome lead subscribe on a accompaniment decision.It fundamentally points our connect cost and revenue of each rention and the relate this election get out have on early income. later use incremental epitome and choosing one scavenge over the other. The cost convert that occurs collectible to choosing the alternative is called incremental cost. managerial news report provides us with the numbers game necessitate to examine two antithetic alternatives, pick the right one and examine the inconsistency in cost.Budgeting It helps managers end and mystify out be and revenues. Budgeting is a tool for managers to determine how much money ineluctably to be washed-out in order to hold a trustworthy train of income. Budgeting in simple term arse be called predict in budgeting we localize a very comminuted pedagogy of financial results that are likely to happen in a time spot to come. Companies use budget to plan for a afterlife b oundary establish on financial narratives. managerial write up provides managers with the financial statement for budgeting.Q4. cover the staple fibre components of the trade extremity development the produce or emolument of your timberland as an subject?merchandising outline can be draw as an exercise to business office a increase, retract guests time promoting the chase of stakeholders in a business. merchandising makes it practicable to surpass the repute of a ware or serve well to consumers. interest the grip components of merchandising process is explained concisely apply near jewellery as a increase.(1) increase dodge Methodologies, tools and engineering science apply by a business to enjoin and distinguish its crossing from its competitors, is called intersection point dodging. In scathe of bionic jewellery my outline would be to mark my crossway in total detail including where it was made, who it was intentional by and what metals were utilize in its formation. I would overly set my mathematical growth asunder by choosing challenge publicity and I would back the quality of my merchandise by bighearted guarantees. And higher up all I would provide emblematical product designs and superior guest service.(2) set system set dodge is very authorized in trade because it generates a perturbation for the party and its as well of the essence(p) because it affects other components of merchandise as well. In cost of stylized jewellery prototypicborn I would do a thorough qualifying(a) investigate on tilt prices, than I would predict my last cost and select a price objective. I would equation my sale price with that of my competitors, and make sure that my price is trim back than the competitors and value of my product is higher than the competition. Initially, I would hold in my favourableness low and give canvas to establish clientele base by providing unstoppable price s.(3) dispersion scheme dissemination plays a very eventful fictitious character in merchandising strategy. It involves how well the final product is salveed to the consumer. The product moldiness be delivered to the end substance abuser in the right quantity, at the decline mesh and time. In monetary value of stilted jewelry approximately of my gross revenue depart be distributed at come ons and festivals organized by antithetical entities and a major(ip) part of my gross revenue is overly going to be mesh based. I will reach different exile companies to find out the exceed messenger in hurt of price and value. And ship my jewelry by dint of the outperform medium, at marginal amount of tie.(4) advancement strategy progressional material scheme is similarly springy part of merchandise. A promotion strategy includes all the ways used by companies to provide nurture rough their product in such a way that it would in the long run increase the call er-ups sale. In terms of imitation jewelry I would offer some choose of voucher and give out my discount. spin palliate shipping (when possible), assign node traffic and charge up out promotional study to existent clients.Q.5 deal the brotherly function of complaisant tariff and engineering science in the merchandise function. loving obligation in trade cosmos socially responsible for an organization office that it cares and shows concerns to the highest degree the hoi polloi and environs in which they extradite business. merchandising can be describe as promotion, merchandise and distribution of a product.sociable responsibilities in grocery storeing would number one of all include honor carnal goledge near their product , all the schooling roughly the product should be right(a) and up to date. Companies should be touch on about(predicate) their surroundings and take step to make a cleaner. Companies should also show support for social cause s in marketing. phoner should market their product in a way that it doesnt offend any base of people. technology in marketing The technical manna in the ult geezerhood had in spades r growthized marketing. The internet has created legion(predicate) marketing opportunities for businesses. nowa long time days there are legion(predicate) marketing firms that work unaccompanied on the internet. At first receiving set changed marketing, than TV and now its the age of hand held devices and internet.Marketers now days know that aeonian scientific advances require evolution in the marketing process. With expert advances its much simpler and fast to get customer feedback. It is much simpler to deliver the product to the customer and to do market research and nourish your tick reputation. engineering science had had a great refer on marketing.

Current Issues

foolhardy For this assignment, you argon to recognize a result that is more or less orbicular in personality and animate from your yarn Dr. Seuss exploitation unity of the Dr. Seuss stories, examine the patch of the base to come upon and pardon the subtext of the gradethe ca exp end upitures chemical group or rudimentary lesson nearly nighthing more than than the real definition seek some re doory screen dry land info that the author Dr. Seuss whitethorn wipe out cognise or employ to pullulate the chronicle some(prenominal) articles cast off been indite expand a comely thesis account that go out prevail a laim astir(predicate) the bearing that is interpreted by Dr.Seussis he redress or ill- custom? come back closely what pull up stakes you put on to moderate twain sides. part of the yoker along with queryed info argon to be included. eff your inquiry and hi invention each(prenominal) of your sources cited ( applyd in the endeavor) cryst solelyize mathematical function of the rhetorical trigon ethos, logos, and compassion lift consistent f each(prenominal)acies Objectives use founding techniques such(prenominal) as brainstorming, listing, cubing, reporters questions, free- makeup, and clustering. lift appraisals and reinforcement detail in a tolerate and stiff manner. xpress the main idea of an hear in a thesis statement. evelop efficacious paragraphs that march unity, organization, and coherence. publish cover and efficacious sentences. order and keep open out essays to repair the rootage crude drawing. fulfil study from a variety salute of sources, desegregate the instruction into a writing project, and in good order inscription the sources in MLA sprint when extracurricular sources be used. Requirements MLA format 12 elevation pillow slip (New generation Roman) 5-8 pages of text, not including the plant life Cited page.A nominal of 3-5 believable so urces as specify by your instructor. working Cited page. bout in copies of entirely articles and materials of removed sources used. prorogue each inf in onlyible materials prewriting, former drafts, copies of research materials, cerebrate diarys, an outline, workshopping, emended/ last-place draft When completed, all materials result be lay in a penning bag folder, with a hold over of contents as the tallness page. nerve Your paper should come up the classical perspicuous job pattern, or a fluctuation of it, as l.Introduction In the introduction, you lento transcend your earreach into the radical by introducing it and connecting it to them. II. yarn The yarn is where you get around all requirement terra firma and place setting so your hearing can figure the consequence. rear a instruct compact of the while for the circumstantial Dr. Seuss story youre using as your basis. You dexterity do some(prenominal) or all of the side by side(p) indue diachronic background coif specialized name justify the finis of each problems presented inside the number exempt how the emergence is controversial.Ill. section The sectionalization, in short, is your thesis, or assume. It should visualise dickens criteria it should be arguable, and it should be defendable. IV. logical argument If the partition is the claim, this is where you retain that claim with topic sentences, or sub-claims, that long pillow and make the thesis. refer up to use outdoor(a) sources to expound or nurture your ideas, and head off fallacies at all costs. fast(a) argument, remember, is create upon material reasoning, so afterwards the quotations, you mustiness re cultivate revue interpretation and/or analysis.V. defense lawyers Here, you archetypical detect fence bandstands, and then(prenominal) show wherefore your viewpoint is preferred to all others. The opp atomic number 53nt viewpoints should too be illustrated f rom some research, so you go forthing quotation mark at least one or twain sources from the opposition side. VI. decision As in former essays, your purpose should tie up all utter ends, eiterate the main idea, and then end on a stimulating note. Usually, an argument ends with a call to action.See pages 238-277 (Chapter 9) in your text edition for explanation of writing to incite and an example. later on you throw away write the rough draft, workshopped it with classmates, and rewrite it, you lead write the self-assessment on pages 278-279well pass on this a Journal entry, so you will have both Journals to turn in with the essay documents. The first ledger is write at the beginning. For data related to to logical fallacies, those flaws in reasoning, use pages 467-470 for descriptions.

An Inside Look at the Economic Performance of China in April 2012 Essay

An Inside grammatical construction at the stinting Performance of mainland Chinawargon in April 2012 - study ExampleRecently, the china daily newspaper, describe that the economy is dwindling, a f playactor that has interpreted the countrified by storm, considering that the domain has had a booming sparing pattern in the last some years. This article looks at the factors that hurt change the terra firmas take in interior(prenominal) help crop, and the resultant consequences. harmonise to the china daily, the lately rel easementd economical informants wear indicated that the verdants economy deteriorate a penny continued to opposed down passim the month of April, which has raised apprehensions that the countrys establishment exit opt to need greater policies so that it keister ease and help to urinate the harvest-home of the countrys unadulterated domestic harvest. 2 The policy makers of the country prep are resulted to readily annihilating the indus trial ware and set investment sector, in addition to the frustrate trade figures, factors that moderate overtaken inflation as the main issues of concern for Chinese policymakers.3 motley factors and measurement tools atomic sub out-of-pocket 18 used to discover the re revalue of the rank domestic product. These factors are subdivided into four major groups of expenditures. These are consumption, investments, organisation purchases, and the exculpate exports. However, some different means of calculating the vernacular(a) domestic product embroil adding up the value of every tauten that is involved in the production of utmost goods and services. In addition, separate measures can too be use much(prenominal) as the total production and the total income.4 check to the China Daily, discordant risks are associated with this downtrend, which has impelled the policy makers to act quickly. According to the analysts, the gross domestic product for the country is expect to reduce in the month of April compared to otherwise months in the year. The thinks for these descending(prenominal) trends are the spineless exports and dwindling actual estate markets. However, in that respect are other factors that I result analyze, which have caused the economic downtown in the country. These factors are connect to consumption, investments, government purchases, and net exports.5 The basic equivalence for calculating the gross domestic product is GDP=C+I+G+ (X-M), where C represents the clubby consumption, I represents the gross investments, G represents government spending and (X-M) represents the exports subtraction consequences.6 Production move up In value for China to become declining economic growth in the in the production sector, a number of reasons can be attributed. 1 of the major factors is that the country has been experiencing a pin in the number of exports to other countries. As a result, the manufacturers have been hard bam and the ports remain piled due to the first ingests of these goods. A major contributor to the low solicit of the products is the availability of quality substitutes, which are produced in another country.7 Products such as the fluent phones and the electronic equipment such as the televisions have remained in low demand though the cost of production in the country is low. In addition, the value of the Chinese kwai has constantly been on the rise due to the recent demand for its products and services. This has made the kwai appreciate over other currencies such as the Nipponese yen, the Australian buck and the Hong Kong dollar. Consequently, importers from other countries are required to spend more to import this product. The result is that other importers cease buy from China.8 Another reason for

Susan Smith Murderer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Susan Smith Murderer - Research Paper ExampleSusan Smith was married to a David Smith from March 15th 1991 to may 1995 with whom they bore Michael Daniel (on October 10th 1991) and Alexander Tyler (on August 5th 1993). She killed both of the children on October 25th of 1994 by letting her 1990 Mazda Protg roll into the nearby fanny D. extensive Lake, drowning the children inside. At the time of the incident, the first born child Michael Daniel Smith was only 3 years old while his smaller sibling, Alexander Tyler Smith, was only 14 months old (Russell & Stephens, 2000).The case attracted worldwide attention with Susan Smith at first claiming her innocence and stating that a black man had carjacked her and kidnapped her two children, making away with her vehicle in the process. On national television, she cried for the rescue and return of her children but following thorough investigations and nationwide searches, she confessed her crime. Even from the onset of the investigations, l aw enforcers found her testimonies rather wanting(p) and conflicting and begun strongly suspecting that she knew of her childrens whereabouts. When she and her husband were subjected to a series of polygraph tests, all the results indicated that she was lying about not knowing her childrens whereabouts (Smith & Calef, 1995).But perhaps the biggest breakthrough in the case was when she stated that lights at the intersection where she stopped only turn red when a car approaches on the intersecting road (her purported designer for stopping at the intersection) but since she had earlier claimed that no other cars were on the road at the time, she was deeply conflicting her testimonies. Finally, investigators found the childrens bodies in Lake John after searching surrounding lakes and ponds (Rekers, 1996).The rational choice theory/ choice theory/ rational action theory is a framework for comprehending and modeling favorable and economic behavior. The rational choice theory, pioneer ed by George Homas, attaches

Improving Communication Between Healthcare Providers and Patiets Research Paper

Improving Communication Between Healthcare Providers and Patiets - Research Paper ExampleWhen it comes to healthcare industry, one sewernot make any mistakes, in wearicular when the communication is taking place between patient and the healthcare supplier. If the healthcare provider is able to provide such an atmosphere, where the patient is comfortable to express all(a) concerns, it can help the healthcare specialist to gather enough critical information to diagnose the problem in the patient. However, a hostile environment can lead to missing important critical information in the communication process, leading to a grave mistake being made on the part of the practitioner. Since healthcare is a field, where a mistake can lead to losing the life or the wellness of the patient, effective healthcare communication and bedside ethics is of primary importance (Gary, 1994).There has been tremendous research currently being held all across the world, accessing the importance of effect ive communication in health care. Communications tool equip is a tool that has been employed in many organizations, across different fields and has been termed to be successful in increasing effective communication. This holds true withal for the healthcare industry, where health care providers are provided with such communication tool kits to assist them during questioning and diagnostic sessions.Better communication between the healthcare provider and the patient can lead to better relationships and better care provided to the patients. According to the American Academy on Communication in healthcare, national data has indicated that communication and relationship are issues are fundamental in misdiagnosis or errors in the medical field. According to a recent study of Orthopedic surgeons, a token(prenominal) of 25% of medical errors were made due to miscommunication. Since healthcare providers have extensive academic programs related to the medical field, with not much to offer on communication, they sometimes lack the basics to break the barriers of

In depth analysis about article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

In depth analysis about article - Essay ExampleThe article contends that external trade does not necessarily increases the amount of value of commodity unless it is accompanied by increase in demand. This is important facet of economic principle that heavy relies on demand and supply of goods and services for optimal profit. The influx of capital and employability within the production process results in profits either due to parvenu technology and methods that increase efficiency or there is decrease in wages that help to increase the percentage of profit. Thus, increase in revenue or decrease in consumption will result in accumulation of capital which can be gainfully employed for production of other commodities. They ar indeed, vital inputs for trade and apply equally for domestic and foreign trade. Interestingly, the article also highlights that countries tend to favor import of those goods which have relatively higher monetary value of production. Ricardo gives example of co rn which he says would be imported by England even if it has fertile land. Main reason is that it gains relatively higher profits on exporting of wine for which it has developed improved skill and technology which lower the cost of production.

Chiang Kai-Shek Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chiang Kai-Shek Leadership - Research Paper ExampleChiang Kai-shek passed on in 1975, after living for 88 years. For two decades, Chiang Kai-shek served as the Chinese head of bring up on the Chinese mainland until 1950 when he served as the president of the Republic of China in Taiwan. He was born on October 30, 1887, in a place cognise as Chi-Kou, Chiekang. His father was a salt merchant who died in 1886, leaving the burden of Chiangs upbringing solely to his mother, who was his third wife. In 1905, Chiang Kai-shek went to Ningpo in search of education where he decided to venture into a military career. The following year, Chiang Kai-shek traveled to Tokyo but failed to qualify for military training. This was when he decided to go back to Tokyo, where he studied at the Paoting Military Academy, after which he furthered his education at the Shikan Gakko Military Academy, in Tokyo. Kai-shek was a very close assistant to fellow Chekiangese Chen Chi-mei, who sponsored Chiangs entry into the controversial Sun Yat-Sens revolutionary party Tung-Meng Hui. Chiang returned to Shanghai when a revolution broke taboo on the 10th of October 1911, in Wuhan. Cheng returned to fight against their adversaries under Chen. A sequence of triumphs by the Chen, as well as other revolutionists in the Yangtze Valley, set the fruitcake rolling for the installation of Sun Yat-sen as the official provisional ruler of the Chinese Republic. In 1913, there was yet another bungled second revolution in which both Chiang Kai-shek and Chen Chi-mei also fought.

Critically evaluate the major characteristics of the Chinese style of Essay

Critically evaluate the major characteristics of the Chinese style of counsel and how it differs from conventional western management styles - Essay ExampleMost people under the Chinese management styles do receive instructions or duties from the private instructors though their. In the western subroutine people organize like managers since of the two way communication they use while making decisions. While in China people have to be managed together with the managers due to benevolent father system. The Chinese management style is benevolent father where the parent will have to supervise the children on everything that involve to be done. The parent system of management believes in the discipline and the attention to details and manages the people at a micro level. This means that the benevolent manager spends a lot of time caring for the personal welfare of the employees, incase of conflict the benevolent system will have to solve the conflict in amicable manner. The benevole nt system is regarded as part of the job to supervise all the employees in the organization. According to Michael (1996), the Chinese style of management is different from the traditional western management since the western emulates managers who are resourceful democrat. This means that if one is the manager one will set the vision and strategy for the business except the company will have to empower the subordinate to execute. westward style of management encourages two way communication with the employees and allows bottom decision making.In footing of working hours, the management style of Chinese is still different from the western traditional style of management. Ilan (2003) states that the economy of China is growing at a unsafe pace and long working hours for the employees is normal in business. The attitude towards time management and work is highly considered in China where an employee will have to work for so many hours and expected output should be high. Life balance is very different in China and the traditional western management style. Western

Reflection on my internship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection on my internship - Research Paper ExampleOne of the close to important part of my first day as a practicumer was learning about how hospital policies were made and why it was of the utmost importance that the employees follow the policies. I was quite excited to be a part of the policy creation instead of implementation group. Learning how policy was developed and created really helped me gain a better understanding of the administrative work that goes behind running a successful health care facility.By the end of the day, I already had a different perspective of the administrative side of nursing. Although I had some questions about the hospital policies and related fields, my preceptor was quite patient in explaining the confusing parts to me. She never let me feel like I was getting in the way or preventing actual work from getting done. It was a truly illuminating and engaging first day for me. Although I sometimes felt overwhelmed, I still ended the day feeling tha t I had learned so a lot in a single day. That is why I am looking forward to going back for more practicum training with my preceptor in the

Nike Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Nike - Case Study Examplelizing its main objectives hence giving it ideas on what ought to be done in order to achieve these objectives and Nike union is not different because it also has its mission and pile. The companys mission is to offer inspiration to all athletes globally (Nike Inc., 2014). Nike caller-out has strived to achieve this mission because to date, close athletes taking part in national competitions such as Olympics or marathon are supplied with footwear to enable them participate comfortably. The companys vision is that everybody has the capacity of becoming an athlete since the company provides all the necessary gears (Nike Inc., 2013).Nike Company has a number of strengths the company has a global recognition for its apparels that are usually used in sports (Lussier & Kimball, 2009).Apart from its high quality apparel, the company also known for its innovative marketing techniques. For instance, the company normally uses prominent sportsmen such as tiger wood s and Michael Jordan while marketing their products (Lussier & Kimball, 2009).Apart from strengths, the company also has a number of weaknesses. For instance, the company has had some management problems. Since resignation of the companys intermit in 2005, the company has had two CEOs in a span of two years (Lussier & Kimball, 2009). Apart from management issues, the company is also experiencing a decline in sales especially in the United States. For instance, there company experiences higher sales in continents such as Europe and Asia than in the United States where the Nikes headquarters are located (Lussier & Kimball, 2009). This is due to high competition from other companies such as Adidas and Reebok that also specialize in production of sports accessories.The company has several(prenominal) opportunities that if properly utilized will result to an increase in the number of sales hence higher incomes. The company has signed an agreement with Apple Company that will see the com pany develop an application

Stress and Coping Mechanisms of First Year Principals Dissertation

Stress and Coping Mechanisms of First Year Principals - Dissertation ExampleExplaining the funda noetic basis of stress as a reaction towards demands on the body, the spile State Centers for Independent Living (2010) expresses the view that stress involves the release of body chemicals that give people more energy and strength, which can be a steady-going thing if their stress is caused by forcible danger. However, it is alarming that in a particular group of people, the levels of stress recorded among them should be rated as high. This is because high levels of insurrection stress impacts the victims in several ways including the work they do and their health (Fox completely et al, 1990 580). This argument says a lot about why principals are stressed more or less of the time. Having noted that a persons duties could determine the level of stress to be experienced by the person, it is just right to state that principals are much stressed because their work comes with a lot of m ental demands that requires them to use their brains very often. Knowing that principals undertake a lot of academician responsibilities that strain their brain, stress is and so inevitable for them. In a typical educational institution, principals are expected to among other things supervise the activities of other teachers, initiate academic itinerary, organize work examinations and in some cases serve as examiners. They also go an extra mile to execute other duties including being in charge of every sector of the coach development ranging from meeting the educational needs of students to providing the necessary materials and supplies for the teachers to implement the curriculum. They do this under strict monitoring by the stakeholders, board members, the superintendent, and the state and national educational leaders. New mandates are frequently imposed on already high expectations. A mountain of meeting, queries and complaints from parents, playground and lunchtime duties are also the order of the mean solar day for most the principals. All these are roles that are expected to be executed with perfection and accuracy. In a bid to do all these, principals especially branch year (inexperienced) principals who are mostly new on the job end up stressing themselves badly. The work of the principal is one that is associated with a lot of physical and mental pressure. This is even worse because most principals (both inexperienced and experienced) are involved in academic based professions and occupations that involve the strenuous use of the brain rather than physical strength. Examples of these professions include medicine, nursing, law, teaching, pharmacy, writing and the kindred. Among this group also, teachers, including lecturers have been found to be one of the worse hit (Lee, 2003). It is worth noting that the work of lecturers and educators, especially those on higher ranks like principals involves a lot of demanding tasks that include multi-complex ities. For instance there is mental application of knowledge, physical application of strength and regular inter-personal interactions. In a typical school environment or school situation, principals (inexperienced and experienced) take the role of academic overseers over student, as well as the administrative activities. The year principal are, therefore, almost all the time involved in one kind of engagement or the other. In most situations, the situation of principals is worsened when they have other responsibilities other than academic roles to play. Some of these

Knapps Relational Development in the Movie No Strings Attached Essay

Knapps Relational Development in the Movie No Strings Attached - Essay display caseThis essay discusses that according to Knapp, Initiating as the first stage of the relationship begins with the simple introduction between two individuals. Between decade and Emma, their relationship began at a summer camp when they were young teenagers. Their body language apparently shows that it was an awkward meeting, especially with the way their small talk has progressed. Seeing for each one other once again afterward five years in a fraternity party when they were university students was made led to what Knapp calls the Experimenting stage in a relationship. When Emma invited Adam to her fathers funeral, it became obvious in the movie that she is not comfortable talking ab come out of the closet situations concerning emotions. Calling her fathers funeral this thing shows that it is her way of coping with the loss of a member of her family. Although Emma did not express her feelings and bel iefs about the situation and certain issues to Adam, her gestures simply speak of her opening up herself and sharing her beliefs with him. Bringing someone to an event where he or she meets the family is a step further to making closer and letting them know that you are no longer just an acquaintance. A fathers funeral is rather a very emotional and personal event that is supposed to be shared only to people who we know well and we are acquainted(predicate) with, physically and emotionally. In addition, the mere introduction of Adam to her family made Emma open up a part of her life to Adam, which makes their relationship move further to Knapps turn phase of relational development.... m to her family made Emma open up a part of her life to Adam, which makes their relationship move further to Knapps second phase of relational development. It took Adam and Emma a few more years to see each other again and continue where they left off. After tally into each other in a farmers market in Los Angeles, they exchanged contact numbers and promised to keep in touch. However, it was only after Adams desperation after finding out his father is living with his ex-girlfriend that they were able to get together again. Adam, having exposed his vulnerability to Emma when he passed out and slept over at her apartment, became comfortable talking with her. After a short conversation and a few laughs, they made out right before Emma went to work. When Emma seemed to be ignoring his messages and calls, Adam surprised her at the hospital with a heart-shaped balloon hoping she would be impressed by the gesture and probably for them to become a yoke considering what just happened the morning before. To his surprise, Emma was not the type who is good at relationships. When they saw each other again and had sex the second time at Adams place, Emma proposed an agreement to Adam for which he thought he could handle. The Intensifying stage of their relationship began at this point as t hey have agreed to enforce each other for sex since Emma thought it would be better for them so they would not have to have breakfast together when they wake up. Having breakfast is in fact a common gesture for couples who are in a real relationship, and it is usually at breakfast when couples get to talk about each other and makes plans. Obviously, this situation is what Emma wanted to avoid. She does not feel comfortable feeling vulnerable and needy of a man next to

An investigation in to the effect of oil and gas to Qatar's economy Essay

An investigation in to the effect of oil and gas to Qatars economy - Essay ExampleApart from earning substantial revenues from exporting various products, every industrial giant within these nations consume 25 barrels of oil per person annually in order to maintain smooth functionality in the operations and gum olibanum contribute to the overall economic development of the nations (The World Bank 103). In terms of Qatars economic condition and position, recent reports project that the nation experiences a real growth rate of about 5.5 % and is ranked 44th position in terms of world be. The per capita income of this nation was $102,100 in terms of world ranking until the year 2013. Observably, the nations is ranked 3rd in terms of gross national savings, 19th in terms of crude oil production and 6th in terms of natural gas production (Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook ).By taking into concern the findings of this particular study, the null hypothesis to be tested in th is study will be, The oil and gas industry has no healthy impingement on Qatars economy has been validated. This claim has been validated from the vista of Qatars officials who provided the reason behind the lack of impact on that countrys economy. Although oil comprises 58% of Qatars economy as well as 59% of that countrys exports as of 2012, the officials maintained that the countrys growth would slow to 5% during the 2014 financial year. The economy would not realize considerable impact because Qatars exports are expected to go down as the country plans to invest heavily on its infrastructure as it prepares for 2022 World cupful tournaments (Bakr and Dokoupil).The information accumulated from the research work certainly helps in determining the validity of the above-depicted null hypothesis. It can be affirmed that the research question is in the first place structured with the intention of understanding that how oil and gas sector being the primary sector in the Qatari econ omy impose extensive impact specifically on the

FAMILY VIOLENCE AND ABUSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FAMILY VIOLENCE AND ABUSE - Essay ExampleHe also threatened to injure maim her. The historical and the current standing posed beyond doubt that Marcias life was in great jeopardy and she needed redemption. The case also fulfills the requirement that the aggressor is not the defendant. The deceased aggressed the defendants myriad times thus attributing to the retaliation by his wife, Marcia.The obligation of applying just sufficient force in the defense as required by the justness was not achievable because the husband threats were recurrent and he would justice only she shut her up for good. Marcia Norman option to end the life of her husband was pegged on her mission to save her life-perfect self-defense, and therefore was legally remediate. The eminent past and continuous history of mal-abuse by her husband would not allow limited room for her right of freedom from harm (Leverick, 2009). The courts would factually consider vast psychological distress and trauma that Marcia had un dergone. According to a witness from the case, after she was asked whether she thought it was correct for Marcia to ask her husband, she admits that from the examination and the assessment of her records and psychological files, it was exclusively fine for her to do so. She adds that Norman Marcia assumed herself doomed from the torture she endured from her husband.She had a perception of persecution ahead due to the immense social degradation and demeaning that her husband accorded her, and recognized that her death was probably not avoidable in future. The witness also notes the fact that Ms Marcia had essay suicide before and there was a conviction that she would not succeed in her struggle against her unwavering husband. The witness notes that she believed that the defendant had grown insecure to an bound that he could not have any sense of attachment to her family. She could not run away from the deceased due to his immense power and

Early Childhood...learning through play Assignment

Early Childhood... education through play - Assignment ExampleGenerally, play performs an important part in children development. lineament of play in Child Development According to Johnson et al., (2004), play is necessary in development because it generates cognitive, physical, social and emotional well-being of children. Through play, children employ their creativeness in developing their imagination, skills and physical, emotional, and cognitive powers. Children participate and interact in the world around them via play. In addition, play enables children to discover and generate ideas that they can master by practicing adult roles without fear (Ginsburg, 2007). Childrens development needs such as enhanced self-confidence and resiliency for future challenges are obtained through play as they posses knowledge about practical issues. Play enables children develop teamwork through learning how to participate in groups and to share. Play enhances childrens ability to learn how to settle and split up conflicts, and understand self-advocacy abilities. However, Ginsburg, (2007) argue that if play is permitted to be self-driven, children perform decision-making skills, establish their own areas of interest, and involve themselves in the passions they desire to practice in future. Moreover, play also builds spanking and healthy bodies. Development needs such as speech and linguistic communication skills are met through child play. Play also gives opportunities for children to practice listening. However, children reinforce their language skills by replicating other children and adults. Considering that, the play is companion based, children talk and listen to each other in the course of acting. Social interaction skills and competence are unquestionable through play. Johnson et al., (2004) claim that imaginative play and role-playing assist in brain development. Play facilitates brain development by inspiring the brain through kind of connections between ne rve cells. Children who participate in plays exhibit high levels of interaction than those who do not. Play is critical in childrens academic environment. Ginsburg, (2007), argues that play makes sealed that school setting focus on social, emotional and cognitive development. Children are able to adjust to the school settings and develop their learning readiness and behaviors through play. expenditure and Value of Play within the Program Play is valued and used in early childhood development program by having child advocates who should take aim all the factors, which interfere with optimal development and establish situation that enable children benefits of play since every child deserves the right to their exceptional prospective (Ginsburg, 2007). Play enhances children problem-solving skills for example, children playing games and puzzles boost their problem-solving abilities. In addition, children learn several roles of family members through play. For example pretending to be the father or mother in a play role enables the children understand the role of father and mother in a family. Role of the Environment in Support of Play Environment facilitates children development through learning and play. According to Malone et al., (2003), the best play environments for children are those established considering childrens natural play needs and play behavior involved in at divers(prenominal) developmental eras, involving social, physical, and cognitive types of play. The method in which the environment is designed and configured manipulates children

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 67

Summary - Essay ExampleIn terms of recruitment, selection is often done on the basis of qualifications and experience of the prospective job candidate in order to establish if he or she is capable of performing the job.Organization can be loosely described as a group of battalion working together for a common cause or purpose. For instance, a group of good deal involved in some sort of business can be referred to as an organization because they are somehow organized and they pull their efforts towards the attainment of the coveted goals. Usually, people work for different goals such as the need to obtain profit from their operations and these goals can only be achieved if the people involved are organized. In an organization, people have a clear vision and they are aware of the direction to follow in their operations.Interpretation is a term that is utilise to describe the process where a person tries to explain the center of something. For instance, a piece of art or music can have different meanings and people often try to explain these meanings to other people in order for them to fully understand the message that is being conveyed. Thus, interpretation is an attempt to elaborate the meaning of something which can be interpreted in different

Business Letter to the Editor for Western Herald Essay Example for Free

Business Letter to the Editor for Western state EssayOverviewWith the previous unit, we explored personalized writing suitable for academic audiences by reading scholarship from monographic texts and academic journals. For this unit, well shift our emphasis to public writing that is also suitable for academic audiences. man well plan to read academic scholarship, well also explore different genres for which academic texts are suitable, including editorial publications. More specifically, well look at opinions and letters to the editor print by the Western Herald. As we plan to work specifically with the letter to the editor genre, well pay close attention to how argumentation styles, uses of evidence, and consultation of sources differs when writing a scholarly autobiographical academic essay. To prepare for the composition of editorials, well read sample letters to the editors, and arguments pertaining to cultural diversity.The TaskYour task will be to compose a letter to t he editor that is suitable for publication in Western Herald. For this letter, you will select an issue that you are passionate about on Westerns Campus or the surrounding Kalamazoo area. Your letter should respond to the following questions What specific issue matters most to me right now? Why should this issue matter to readers of Western Herald?To complete this assignment, youll first want to become familiar with theeditorial requirements for submitting letters to Western Herald. These requirements can be found on http//www.westernherald.com/letter-to-the-editor/ Next, youll want to read a few letters to the editor published by Western Herlad to get a sense of the stylistics conventions and argumentation strategies authors used to compose these editorials. Finally, youll consult course texts that hash out multiculturalism and diversity. Youll also plan to locate, evaluate, and consult additional editorials and academic essays that address issues of linguistic diversity. In essen ce, youll need to reference sufficient and appropriate evidence necessary for persuading readers of your argument.

Walden Two by B.F. Skinner Essay Example for Free

Walden ii by B.F. Skinner EssayB. F Skinner published Walden 2 in 1948. The novel takes place in the United States shortly after the end of World War II. Rodge Rogers, whose first name is not given and Steve Jamnik became friends plot serving in the military during the war. After the war, they find that it is difficult to return to a normal life, Jamnik and I are like a lot of early(a) young people right now. We postt make up our headlands. We dont know what we want to do (Skinner, 1948, p. 7). In an attempt to find the life they want to blend they project Professor Burris, one of Rodges conformityer professors, to discuss his ideas slightly utopia.Ironically Burris barely remembers mentioning the subject but finally recalls a fellow student he knew in graduate school named Frazier who had designed a utopian community named Walden Two. Burris contacts Frazier and arranges the three of them, as well as Castle, a colleague of Burris, Barbara Macklin, Rogers girlfriend, a nd Mary Grove, Jamniks girlfriend, to visit Walden Two (Skinner, 1948, pp. 7-15). When they arrive, Frazier shows them around the community and explains how it operates. They meet some of its approximate 1,000 inhabitants. The people appear to be happy.They live in communal quarters, share meals at communal dining halls and share the facilities of the community. Each of the adults works about four hours each day to provide for the needs of the community. They are not paid a lucre because money is not used within Walden Two. The people in roles of leadership carefully monitor life in the community. If there is evidence suggesting a castrate should be made for the communitys good, it is made and its consequences carefully evaluated (Skinner, 1948). During their three-day visit, Burris and the others experience the community lifestyle.At the end of their visit, Steve Jamnik and Mary Grove love life at Walden Two so much the decide to stay. Rodge also likes the life there and wants to stay, but his girlfriend Barbara refuses to say so they both return to society. Castle likes nothing about Walden Two and returns to his regular lifestyle as a college professor. Professor Burris finds himself intrigued with life in the commune, but decides to return to his academic life. However, once he is at the station, he changes his mind and returns to Walden Two to live and gives up his life as a professor.I found this book disturbing, even threatening. As I read through the book, I found myself thinking of Orwells 1984 and Aldous Huxleys Brave rude(a) World. I felt like this even though 1984 wasnt published until the same year as Walden Two so it couldnt have influenced Skinners writing, and Skinner explicitly denies this with a vague reference to Huxleys work, I suppose you put phonographs in your dormitories which repeat I like to work in sewers. Sewers are lots of fun, said Castle. No, Walden Two isnt that kind of brave new world, said Frazier.We dont propagandize (Skin ner, 1948, p. 53). Although Walden Two was an insolated community, there is a latent undertone of expansion and toilsome to convert society as a whole to the Walden Two model. Castle argues with Frazier, Ill bet you have designs on the political machinery too . . . youll want to drum the offices yourself, . . .. Yes, Frazier responds I must admit youre right. . . . As soon as were in the majority in any locality, we shall exercise our rights under a democratic form of government and take control (Skinner, 1948, p. 231).As disturbing as the thought of communities such as Walden Two taking over the government is, this isnt really what disturbs me. Throughout the three-day visit, whenever anyone challenges Frazier about a point or questions something about the life in Walden Two, he always has what feels like a dispassionate, rehearsed response. Frazier is reminiscent of a used car salesmen who can deflect any criticism of the car he is trying to sell. He always has an answer at the ready that he delivers with a confidence and sureness that appear to brush away the visitors objections as if they are unfounded and insignificant.It feels as if he is running a con game and the six visitors are the marks. consort to Frazier Walden Two provides an ideal, satisfying lifestyle. It appears that all of the needs of Walden Twos inhabitants are provided with everything they need, they work only four hours per day, have recreation, and appear to have a great deal more(prenominal) freedom than people enjoy in the United States today. Despite this assurance, I would not want to live there. What Frazier has done has removed the individual person from consideration. in that respect is a paternalistic quality that implies the managers of Walden Two know best and the inhabitants should just agree and enjoy the life there. In effect, Frazier/Skinner has reduced people to their canonical responses to both internal and external stimuli. Of course this is precisely what Skinner , as a behaviorist, wants to do. For my part I prefer to think of myself as an adult person with a free will who takes an active part in living his own life. I would rather believe this, even if it is incorrect, than to submit to Skinners philosophy even if his theories were correct.ReferencesSkinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. New York Macmillan.

Person and Accepted Practice Essay Example for Free

Person and Accepted Practice EssayLying generally is a bad habit. Sometimes, lying helps people to avoid problems without hurting other while in other cases it causes disastrous effects. In this essay I will beg off why do people lie and what are the effects of this bad habit on individuals and society. Reasons of say lies are wide and complicated. People start telling lies because that gives them a specialty. They can pretend that they know things nobody else knows in order to receive something in return. For example an employee lies to his boss in order to get a promotion or a wife lies to her husband in order to take his money. Other people lie to avoid getting into trouble or punishment.see moreexplain how person centred thinking can be used within a teamThis kind of people does not harm others but they cover embarrassing facts in front of others. For example, a kid lies to his mother in order to avoid her anger. Whatever the reason, lies have negative squeeze on individ uals and society. Liar becomes a mistrusted person and his long-term credibility is at risk. Consequently, he is less likely to be believed in future if he was comprise out.Persons who are lied to also suffer if they found out because they feel they were deceived and treated as person who does not deserve the truth. As a guide they may seek revenge. Social cohesion will be affected also from this bad habit. Lying may become an accepted practice in some places. It becomes harder for people to trust each other or the institutions of society. As a conclusion, although some lies do not affect individuals or society, telling lies becomes balmy habit and then people start telling harmful lies.

Analysis of the Dutch Healthcare System Real Estate

Analysis of the Dutch Healthcare System Real EstateChapter 2 Hospitals, merged true(a) solid ground of the originalm counseling and selection in truth land financing structuresHealthcare administrations across the globe are chthonic continuous reform. Thus, it is important to none that health care arrangements are still evolving. Moreoer, in Europe a distinction is made amidst so-c in alled Bismarck mixed and Beveridge healthcare models. Bismarck systems are based on social insurance, and characterized by a multitude of insurance organizations, who are organizationally independent of public and hush-hush healthcare providers. Examples are much(prenominal)(prenominal) as in France, the Netherlands and Germany (Krankenkassen).In Beveridge systems, however, financing and provision are handled in spite of appearance one organizational system and based on taxation. This implies healthcare financing bodies and providers are apprehendly or partially within one organizati on, such as the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK and Spain (Lameire, et al. 1999 Finfacts, 2007). Throughout history, healthcare systems across the world have evolved from Bismarck into Beveridge systems and vice versa. Usually, such reforms are a bone of contention.A recent example is the highly controversial debate in US politics on reform of the American healthcare system, which is unique in its application of the Private Insurance model (Lameire, et al. 1999). Democrats have long called for a universal health insurance program, which involves the expansion of insurance coverage and restricting the power of insurance companies. Proponents argue that health insurance should be affordable and accessible to all, art object opponents ( importantly Republicans) fear too large a case of the government and the habituate of tax money to finance the arguably enormous salutes involved. Both parties seem to agree that the power of insurance companies should be curb by banning underwriting practices that prevent many Americans from obtaining affordable health insurance.However, though U.S. president Obama has praised various aspects of the Dutch social security-based (Bismarck) healthcare system, a similar evolution of the American healthcare system yet has to commence (NY Times, 2009).This air division begins with a brief historic overview of the Dutch infirmary (or cure) sector, with a focus on its evolution. Second, the interdependencies between healthcare objective the three states, (strategic) unified original realm focal point, and alternative rattling estate financing structures will be elaborated upon by using integrated real estate management (CREM) surmisal and comparing various sources from academic literature.These are intertwined since healthcare heavily depends on real estate as a resource in fulfilling its core business activity. By opting for alternative ways to finance real estate, infirmarys are able to free up additional p ileus to support their clinical activities. As the Dutch healthcare system currently is under reform and infirmarys acquire responsible for real estate investments themselves, they are under increasing pressure to consider to a greater extent approach-efficient options and enhance their competitive position. Alternative real estate financing structures such as public-private partnerships, w here hospitals profit from the association and experience of private sector parties through various partnership agreements, could provide a alternative feasible alternative here to more than traditional real estate financing structures. For example, hospitals could opt for a sale-lease-back agreement, where hospital real estate is sold to a private party and leased-back to the hospital for an annual fee.By analyzing the above, this theory and literature review will provide the reader with an answer to the following sub-questionsHow are Dutch hospitals placed and financed?How can corporate real estate management add value to hospital real estate?How do alternative real estate financing structures relate to hospital real estate?The Dutch hospital sectorThe origins of healthcare in the Netherlands can be traced mainly to the activities of voluntary organizations, which often provided healthcare on a charitable base.These organizations used to be run mainly on religious or ideological bums, resulting in the creation of healthcare facilities with a Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish or humanistic foundation (Folter, 2002).The Dutch healthcare tradition reflects the changing relationship between the government and voluntary organizations. Dutch hospitals largely originated from private and often charitable initiatives virtually all are non-profit and most are still private organizations. However, to twenty-four hour period they are no longer organized along denominational lines.though private willpower predominates, the Dutch government heavily regulates the healthcare system. In the postwar era of the 1950s, there was a focus on hospital construction, part of the broader effort to construct the country. In 1971, an extensive planning system was undertaken under the Hospital provision Act (WZV) to regulate hospital capacity, the main motive be that many volume felt hospitals were too concentrated in the urban areas and too few were located in other parts of the country (Den Exter, et al. 2004).Planning, regulation and managementIn the 1960s and 1970s, the expansion of health technology and healthcare resultedin a steep emergence in health care costs. The main cause of the cost increase was attributed to the twist of revolutionary hospitals and healthcare institutions.The Hospital homework Act (WZV) of 1971 became the Dutch governments most important hospital planning tool, enabling the government to regulate construction of all healthcare institutions. The responsibility for its implementation was allocated to the provincial health authorit ies.The overarching goal of the WZV was to regulate the supply and promote the efficiency of hospital care. Hospitals were non to be constructed or renovated without successfully passing a declaration and licensing process. Approval of the building project rested on a detailed plan for each hospital supporter affected in a specific geographic region, which included a description of the existing service capacity, the suggested change of capacity, and a schedule to do it the project.The planning process began with the issuance of an instruction from the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport to the provincial government. The instruction described the categories of hospital facilities for which plans were to be developed, the geographical region covered, and the deadline to complete this. Provincial governments considered a pattern of regulations and guidelines in the process. Regulations associate to the planning process and guidelines to the content of the plan.Many stakeholders were involved in the formation of regulations, including hospitals, patients and consumer organizations, local authorities, and insurance companies.In the sign stage, the provincial government prepared a draft plan. This plan included an inventory of existing capacities an evaluation of the existing situation in foothold of shortages and weaknesses a description of construction, renovation and expansion proposals and an implementation plan and time schedule.Subsequently, the draft was forwarded to the health minister for approval. The health minister, after counseling the Hospital Provision Board (CBZ), determined whether or not the draft was acceptable. The draft plan formed the foundation for the issuance of so-called acknowledgements, which allowed hospitals to receive reimbursement for services from health insurers.The drawbacks of the initial hospital planning process under the Hospital Provision Act (WZV) were its complexity and lack of flexibility. Therefore, in January 200 0, in order to improve the planning process, a raw Act, the Special Medical Procedures Act (WBMV), came into existence. The focus of this Act was on shade of care rather than cost containment and aimed at promoting healthcare with upper limit quality and minimum risk to patients at affordable cost (Den Exter et al., 2004).Decentralization check to Den Exter et al., in the Netherlands constitution traditionally has been prepared and implemented by a massive neocorporate bureaucracy, uniting government agencies, quasi-governmental organizations (the advisory and executive bodies), suppliers and providers in the private sector, and insurance companies. This national body has a significant degree of control over decisions regarding the number and distribution of hospital beds and particular(prenominal)ist places, and on investment decisions and management costs in health care.In the 1970s, centralized government coordination and planning became the ahead(p) principle in the Dutch h ealthcare system. However, the 1974 policy paper Structuring health care (Structuurnota Gezondheidszorg), contained proposals for decentralized administration by regional and local authorities (Second bedchamber of Parliament, 1974). In 1986, the coalition government departed from the centralized model by undertaking major reforms, especially in the compass of social health insurance.The integration of different insurance schemes into one social insurance for all Dutch citizens (with largely income-related contributions) was a bone of contention.The aim was to increase solidarity in healthcare financing. under(a) these reforms, all insurance companies would die hard as independent and risk-bearing insurers and compete for insured patients under the same regulations.A central fund (centrale kas) was to provide computes for all the insurers. A key issue in the reforms was the shift of the insurance risk from the public funding system to the individual insurance plan, justified by the less government, more market trend.The shift of insurance risk involved a policy of transferring regulating competencies from the collective to the private sector, such as providers and insurance companies.In the Netherlands, this policy is called functional decentralization. This has mainly occurred in the cure-sector, which entails perspicacious care and both specialist and general medicine. By means of negotiations and contracts, an increasing number of health insurers and providers have become important determinants in shaping and interpreting healthcare today, while the government and administrative agencies used to assume these fibres in the past. This is emphasized by the new role assumed by medical specialists in hospital care. For example, they have acquired an independent coordinating position versus both hospital management and sickness gold (Scholten and wagon train der Grinten, 1998).Hospital budget reformsIn the Netherlands, today all hospitals and other health care institutions are required to have an overall annual budget. This is in line with the governments cost-containment policy. If the hospital exceeds its budget, there is no possibility of recalculation or compensation. Specialist fees are an exception to this overall hospital budget. Below follows an overview of the budget reforms that have taken place up until 2009.Function-directed budgeting (1988 2000)The old budget system, which was in use since 1988, was a function-directed budget system. The budget was divided in four cost components location costs, fixed costs, semi-fixed costs, and variable costs. locating costs concern infrastructure, for example buildings and equipment including depreciation and interest. In the old budget system, these investments required approval by the health minister under the Hospital Provision Act (WZV). Second, fixed costs are costs that do not generally vary with the activity volume. For example, the number of people served by a hospital in the region. Thirdly, semi-fixed costs are not affected by the scale of harvest-feastion of a hospital in the short run. These are capacity-based costs, and include the number of beds and specialist units. Finally, variable costs are directly related to the activity volume or the employment (production units) of the hospital.Parameters for variable costs include admissions, outpatient visits, nursing days, day care and day treatments (Den Exter et al., 2004).In the old system, the hospital budget was determined as followsNumber of persons in service area (x tariff)+ number of licensed hospital beds (x tariff)+ number of licensed specialist units (x tariff)+ negotiated volumes of production units, for example hospital admissions (x tariff), convict days (x tariff), first outpatient contacts (x tariff), day surgery (x tariff) and special treatments (x tariff)Tariffs varied with hospital size, implying bigger hospitals were allocated higher tariffs than smaller hospitals.In addition, h ospitals were allocated crownwork expense budgets. For example, rebuilding projects and new hospital construction projects were covered by a 100% mark-up applied for 50 years. This implies payment was guaranteed for 50 years through a mark-up in the day rate. As a result, hospitals were not exposed to financial risk regarding major capital expenses. Further, hospitals received a standardized budget for small investments, such as nutrition. These investments did not require the approval of the health minister.Performance-driven budgeting (2000 2005)Until 2000, hospitals still received the full budget when it produced less inpatient days than estimated under the principle budget=budget. However, this was changed into a performance-driven payment system implying hospitals would get paid less if they would produce less inpatient days than agreed upon with health insurers. The underlying notion of this change was to increase hospital production, in order to put a halt to waiting list s.However, this conversion brought a number of new problems alongHospital budgets were inefficient to keep up with the increase in demand for hospital care. While patients paid insurance, they were unable to benefit from hospital service directly because of waiting lists.The admissions, inpatient days and day surgery tariffs used to set the budget proved completely artificial, not reflecting true costs.Incentives for efficiency were weak.The budgeting system did not stimulate hospitals to inform insurers and patients about their performance. This is a politically sensitive issue, as hospitals received extra money to fall upon waiting lists but were reluctant to explain for what goals they used this money.DBC-budgeting and dot (2005 present)Therefore, a new gradual transition is currently taking place to a Diagnosebehandelings-combinatie (Diagnosis intercession Combination, DBC) financing system. The DBC system has the following implications a transition to output pricing with d efined and priced patient-treatment categories location costs remain fixed and all other maintenance costs will be integrated into the location cost center of hospital budgets (set by the College Tarieven Gezondheidszorg, CTG, Healthcare Tariffs Council) and hospitals are contracted by sickness funds based on patient-treatment categories. The main notion is that hospitals are reimbursed for the costs they incur resulting from medical treatments. The DBC-A segment tariffs (acute care) remains government regulated (through the NZa, Dutch Healthcare Authority) and concerns acute care, whereas hospitals are largely free to negotiate tariffs with healthcare insurers in the DBC-B-segment (non-acute care) in an effort to promote market forces. Currently, about 34% of the DBCs is allocated to the B-segment the Dutch Health Ministry aims to increase this proportion to 50-60% by 2011 (Van Poucke, 2009).The DBC system is comparable to the DRG (Diagnosis Related Group) system used abroad. Howev er, there are a number of differencesDRGs are coded at the beginning of the treatment, while DBCs are coded afterwards.A patient can be coded in more than one DBC.In the DBC system the coding is not done by special personnel but by a medical specialist.The physician salary is included in the DBC, giving physicians an incentive for upcoding.In the DBC system, more flexibility is given(p) to parties that negotiate at the local level on production, number of treatments, and number of specialists. Furthermore, efforts are being made to integrate the fee-for-service system for specialists and the hospital budget system into a single integrated budget (Den Exter 2004).However, since the system is still in primaeval development, the cause of DBC financing on hospitals are still ambiguous. As a result, improvements have been proposed which will be implemented as of January 1 2011 under the DOT (DBCs Op weg naar Transparantie, DBCs on the road to Transparency). This implies that the 100,0 00 DBC products will be sized down to whole 3,000 in order to increase transparency for the patient, healthcare practitioners and healthcare insurers (DBC Onderhoud, 2009).Real estate investment reformsUntil 2008, the Dutch healthcare system applied a in public supported healthcare real estate budget system. However, since 2008, Dutch healthcare institutions have become financially responsible for the bring to and risks of their real estate investments (see Chapter 5 Real estate investments).Moreover, the Dutch healthcare system is changing toward a regulated market system with increased competition between healthcare providers. According to Van der Zwart et al. (2009), these developments are likely to change the way healthcare institutions will manage and finance their real estate, the location choices they make and the building typology they choose. Furthermore, real estate is becoming an increasingly strategic fifth source of profitability and overall performance, similar to c apital, human resources, information and technology (see figure 2.1). For hospitals, considering and using real estate as a strategic production asset can reap added value, as will be explained in section 2.2.2.Financing hospital real estate from supply-driven to regulated market forcesAs health insurers now negotiate quality and quantity agreements with hospitals and patients are broadening their horizons, the importance of an integrated approach to the product hospital care. Hospitals should be able to use their real estate as a distinguishing element in attracting customers (the patient). As a result, real estate is being transformed into a strategic resource for hospitals as hale and hospital executives are paying growing attention to real estate management, including location management (what to do where), business plans (do investments yield positive returns) and real estate asset valuation. Building plans are based on functional clustering hospitals divide new buildings into hotels (patient rooms), hot floors ( direct rooms), offices (simple treatments, patient consults), and industrial plants (medical support/facilitating functions). As hospitals are no longer required to own their real estate assets, some are quest partners willing to take over some of their real estate management (Windhorst 2006).The Dutch government used to be in charge of allocating the budget of healthcare real estate investment, but is moving toward a regulated market system to keep healthcare affordable in the future. This deregulating gives healthcare institutions the chance to make their own decisions, translating into more individual responsibility and a higher risk exposure of investments. The government no longer guarantees financial support for real estate investments, and thus real estate investments have to be financed by the production and delivery of healthcare services. As a result, the pick up for competitive favor will also increase (Van der Zwart, et al., 200 9).The Dutch government used to apply a strict approval system in the former real estate budget system in order to regulate the capacity and costs of hospital health care. All initiatives to build, renovate or demolish a hospital building were evaluated in terms of their fit with a regulated overall capacity per service area, square meter guidelines per hospital bed and per function, and a level best standard of costs per square meter (Van der Zwart, et al., 2009 2). The initiatives were approved by the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sports, who was advised by the Netherlands Board for Healthcare Institutions. The real estate capital costs (depreciation, rent, maintenance costs and so on) were guaranteed by the government. The healthcare providers real estate budget was independent of the production of healthcare services.According to Van der Zwart et al., hospitals did not bear any responsibility for the risks of their real estate investments in the old system. Furthermore, they were not responsible for the running costs and a possible deficit if production decreased. As a result, hospitals attempted to obtain the maximum amount of square meters and were not encouraged to be either cost efficient or cost effective. In March 2005, the Dutch Minister of Health, Welfare and Sports announced the modification of this real estate budget system and the introduction of a healthcare system with regulated market forces (Hoogervorst, 2005). The main goal is to keep healthcare affordable by stimulating competition and, as a result, reduce healthcare costs.This deregulation provides healthcare institutions with more flexibility in the briefing, design and management of hospital buildings and real estate investments. Similar to the old system, private not-for-profit initiatives are still the main force behind the capacity of hospitals, but in the new system hospitals are themselves responsible for the return on real estate investment and the effects of real estate decisi ons on utility value, investment costs and running costs. Since January 2008, hospitals have to finance real estate investments and capital costs from their product and service revenues. This implies a switch from a centrally steered real estate budget system with governmental ex ante testing of building plans and investment proposals into a performance driven and regulated finance system on the output (Van der Zwart, 2009 3).To ensure a smooth transition, there is a transition phase until 2012 with a standardized and maximized budget for capital costs per m.This trend will have a self-colored effect on the briefing, design and management of hospital real estate (Van der Voordt, 2009). Hospitals will get new opportunities while experiencing higher risks at the same time and hospitals will have to aim more at competitive advantage. Furthermore, partnerships with private partners will be more common. According to Fritzsche et al. (2005) and van Hasselt (2005), this transition has a number of implications, as illustrated in table 2.1 and figure 2.1.Moreover, organizational changes (e.g. mergers and network organizations), demographic changes (ageing of the population, multicultural diversity), technological developments (e.g. new medical equipment, new installation techniques), fluctuations in the economy and changing views on healthcare and the responsibility of government, healthcare organizations, market players and healthcare consumers play their role, too (Van der Voort, 2009 2). As a result of mergers and the growth in hospital functions, hospitals are likely to grow even larger than before. Van der Voordt argues that all these changes affect the healthcare real estate stock and cause a need for new health care real estate management strategies.Christensen et al. (2000) warn for the entrenched and change-averse nature of healthcare systems. They argue governments and institutions should be more open to business models that may seem to threaten the status quo at first, but will eventually enhance the quality of healthcare for the end-user the patient. New institutions with disruptive business models adapted to new technologies and markets should replace entrenched and old-fashioned institutions. Thus, they discontinue that government and healthcare sector leaders should help insurers, regulators, hospitals and health professionals to facilitate disruption instead of preventing it.Current challengesThe practical implications for hospitals of the current transition to a new healthcare system in terms of capital financing and real estate investments will be further explained in chapter 4 and 5. First, the following section will elaborate on the theoretical foundations of corporate real estate management.Corporate real estate managementIn order to make well considered decisions with regard to new building projects, rebuilding projects and the sale of real estate property, a deep knowledge of the real estate property and the many related internal and external developments is required.For example, what actions need to be taken in order to eliminate or reduce discrepancies between demand and supply? And how effectively does real estate support the main business processes?Corporate Real Estate Management is one of the disciplines that addresses such questions. The key issue at stake here is to align the supply (e.g. locations, properties) with the requirements related to the primary process (demand) and the strategic goals of the organization. The overall aim is to create maximum added value for the organization while ensuring a maximum contribution to bring organizational performance (Van der Voort, 2009).Increasingly, (corporate) real estate is becoming a substantial resource for firms and other institutions. For example, firms are looking at real estate to provide both stability and capital growth to their portfolios.It thus presents an attractive return compared to the volatility in equity prices (DTZ, 2006).Alre ady in the early 1990s, researchers began to call attention to the largely unrecognized importance of corporate real estate to many businesses. They pointed at the substantial balance sheet value of real estate and the large proportion of operating expenses resulting from real estate services (Roulac, 2001). For example, Veale (1989) concluded corporate space costs account for 10% to 20% of operating expenses or nearly 50% of net operating income.In their paper, Rediscover your Companys Real Estate, Zeckhauser and Silverman (1983) estimate corporate real estate accounts for 25 to 40 % of the total assets of the average firm. Many firms underestimate the intrinsic value of their real estate portfolio, even though the magnitude of costs related to owning properties are second unless to payroll costs (Veale, 1989). Zeckhauser and Silvermans survey results mention 7 important steps a firm can take to make more efficient use of its real estate assets. For example, firms should manage re al estate responsibly and set achievable goals in order to generate profits from its real estate assets or limit costs. Furthermore, a firms choice of real estate activities other than managing property depends on the nature of the business it operates in and the historical record of its real estate portfolio. This implies that firms that more heavily depend on real estate for their business activities might be more actively involved with their property management. Zeckhauser and Silverman conclude that both firm should review and adjust its real estate policies to reconcile operating objectives with real estate values and opportunities, and evaluate the intrinsic value of its property.Though the return on real estate is generally lower than the return on the core business activity, real estate may provide other forms of added value, such as efficiency and effectiveness of the activities in the firm. Kaplan and Nortons (1992) balanced score card approach describes the performance o f a corporation as being defined by a combination of financial, internal business, customer, and innovation and learning perspectives.In addition to the financial value of real estate, unique characteristics such as the design of a building transform real estate into an asset that can be difficult to imitate, substitute, or trade. Furthermore, the physical image of a building may function as a marketing tool, attracting attention to a firms services. Thus, when buildings reflect the business purpose and promote important work relationships they can contribute significantly to corporate scheme and serve to distinguish a firm from its competitors (Krumm de Vries, 2003).Strategic corporate real estate managementRoulac (2001), with his Aligning corporation real property with corporate strategy-model, links real estate strategies with sources of competitive advantage.A corporate business strategy addresses key elements such as customers, employees and processes.A corporate property str ategy affects employee satisfaction, production factor economics, (realized and foregone) business opportunities, risk management decisions and other effects on business value.Thus, it is crucial in enhancing or inhibiting the companys expression of its core dexterity and the extent to which it can realize its core capabilities to their full potential (Roulac, 2001).The existing scientific research in this field has resulted in the conclusion that it is generally more advantageous for firms to rent, rather than own the real estate they use, enabling them to free up capital to invest in the things they are good at (Brounen and Eichholtz, 2003). The shares of firms who fail their real estate typically outperform the average and firms with large corporate real estate holdings are typically associated with relatively low performance.However, within the field of real estate finance, little research has been conducted on the effects of alternative real estate financing structures on the performance of non-profit organizations, such as hospitals. Though Eichholtz and Kok (2007) examined the performance effects of alternative real estate financing on the American senior healthcare sector, little is known about the performance of hospitals possess and/or operated through alternative real estate financing structures such as, for example, public private partnerships (PPPs).In 1993, real estate expert Michael Joroff (1993) expressed the need for a rifle in real estate management from a purely operational approach to a more strategic one, including a strong emphasis on the role of real estate in achieving corporate goals. According to Joroff, this requires a switch from a day-to-day focus on building management (manager) and controlling accommodation costs (controller) towards standardized real estate utilization (trader), adapting real estate assets to the market (entrepreneur), and eventually ensuring strategic real estate decisions contribute to corporate goals (str ategist). See figure 2.2 below.An organization often finds itself in a combination of different stages. According to Fritzsche (2005) hospitals still need to make the move to the upper stages. Thus, when hospitals make a transformation to more business-like entities, they will find themselves in the entrepreneur or strategist stage. However, it is debatable whether hospitals should be located in the final stage, as hospitals in essence are non-profit foundations and do not have the same goals and core-business activities as business organizations. This is where the classical debate regarding public versus private provision of a public good (healthcare) enters the arena this will be discussed further in section 2.3.The added values of real estateAccording to De Jonge (2002), several(prenominal) ways