Walden Two by B.F. Skinner Essay Example for Free

Walden ii by B.F. Skinner EssayB. F Skinner published Walden 2 in 1948. The novel takes place in the United States shortly after the end of World War II. Rodge Rogers, whose first name is not given and Steve Jamnik became friends plot serving in the military during the war. After the war, they find that it is difficult to return to a normal life, Jamnik and I are like a lot of early(a) young people right now. We postt make up our headlands. We dont know what we want to do (Skinner, 1948, p. 7). In an attempt to find the life they want to blend they project Professor Burris, one of Rodges conformityer professors, to discuss his ideas slightly utopia.Ironically Burris barely remembers mentioning the subject but finally recalls a fellow student he knew in graduate school named Frazier who had designed a utopian community named Walden Two. Burris contacts Frazier and arranges the three of them, as well as Castle, a colleague of Burris, Barbara Macklin, Rogers girlfriend, a nd Mary Grove, Jamniks girlfriend, to visit Walden Two (Skinner, 1948, pp. 7-15). When they arrive, Frazier shows them around the community and explains how it operates. They meet some of its approximate 1,000 inhabitants. The people appear to be happy.They live in communal quarters, share meals at communal dining halls and share the facilities of the community. Each of the adults works about four hours each day to provide for the needs of the community. They are not paid a lucre because money is not used within Walden Two. The people in roles of leadership carefully monitor life in the community. If there is evidence suggesting a castrate should be made for the communitys good, it is made and its consequences carefully evaluated (Skinner, 1948). During their three-day visit, Burris and the others experience the community lifestyle.At the end of their visit, Steve Jamnik and Mary Grove love life at Walden Two so much the decide to stay. Rodge also likes the life there and wants to stay, but his girlfriend Barbara refuses to say so they both return to society. Castle likes nothing about Walden Two and returns to his regular lifestyle as a college professor. Professor Burris finds himself intrigued with life in the commune, but decides to return to his academic life. However, once he is at the station, he changes his mind and returns to Walden Two to live and gives up his life as a professor.I found this book disturbing, even threatening. As I read through the book, I found myself thinking of Orwells 1984 and Aldous Huxleys Brave rude(a) World. I felt like this even though 1984 wasnt published until the same year as Walden Two so it couldnt have influenced Skinners writing, and Skinner explicitly denies this with a vague reference to Huxleys work, I suppose you put phonographs in your dormitories which repeat I like to work in sewers. Sewers are lots of fun, said Castle. No, Walden Two isnt that kind of brave new world, said Frazier.We dont propagandize (Skin ner, 1948, p. 53). Although Walden Two was an insolated community, there is a latent undertone of expansion and toilsome to convert society as a whole to the Walden Two model. Castle argues with Frazier, Ill bet you have designs on the political machinery too . . . youll want to drum the offices yourself, . . .. Yes, Frazier responds I must admit youre right. . . . As soon as were in the majority in any locality, we shall exercise our rights under a democratic form of government and take control (Skinner, 1948, p. 231).As disturbing as the thought of communities such as Walden Two taking over the government is, this isnt really what disturbs me. Throughout the three-day visit, whenever anyone challenges Frazier about a point or questions something about the life in Walden Two, he always has what feels like a dispassionate, rehearsed response. Frazier is reminiscent of a used car salesmen who can deflect any criticism of the car he is trying to sell. He always has an answer at the ready that he delivers with a confidence and sureness that appear to brush away the visitors objections as if they are unfounded and insignificant.It feels as if he is running a con game and the six visitors are the marks. consort to Frazier Walden Two provides an ideal, satisfying lifestyle. It appears that all of the needs of Walden Twos inhabitants are provided with everything they need, they work only four hours per day, have recreation, and appear to have a great deal more(prenominal) freedom than people enjoy in the United States today. Despite this assurance, I would not want to live there. What Frazier has done has removed the individual person from consideration. in that respect is a paternalistic quality that implies the managers of Walden Two know best and the inhabitants should just agree and enjoy the life there. In effect, Frazier/Skinner has reduced people to their canonical responses to both internal and external stimuli. Of course this is precisely what Skinner , as a behaviorist, wants to do. For my part I prefer to think of myself as an adult person with a free will who takes an active part in living his own life. I would rather believe this, even if it is incorrect, than to submit to Skinners philosophy even if his theories were correct.ReferencesSkinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. New York Macmillan.

Person and Accepted Practice Essay Example for Free

Person and Accepted Practice EssayLying generally is a bad habit. Sometimes, lying helps people to avoid problems without hurting other while in other cases it causes disastrous effects. In this essay I will beg off why do people lie and what are the effects of this bad habit on individuals and society. Reasons of say lies are wide and complicated. People start telling lies because that gives them a specialty. They can pretend that they know things nobody else knows in order to receive something in return. For example an employee lies to his boss in order to get a promotion or a wife lies to her husband in order to take his money. Other people lie to avoid getting into trouble or punishment.see moreexplain how person centred thinking can be used within a teamThis kind of people does not harm others but they cover embarrassing facts in front of others. For example, a kid lies to his mother in order to avoid her anger. Whatever the reason, lies have negative squeeze on individ uals and society. Liar becomes a mistrusted person and his long-term credibility is at risk. Consequently, he is less likely to be believed in future if he was comprise out.Persons who are lied to also suffer if they found out because they feel they were deceived and treated as person who does not deserve the truth. As a guide they may seek revenge. Social cohesion will be affected also from this bad habit. Lying may become an accepted practice in some places. It becomes harder for people to trust each other or the institutions of society. As a conclusion, although some lies do not affect individuals or society, telling lies becomes balmy habit and then people start telling harmful lies.

Analysis of the Dutch Healthcare System Real Estate

Analysis of the Dutch Healthcare System Real EstateChapter 2 Hospitals, merged true(a) solid ground of the originalm counseling and selection in truth land financing structuresHealthcare administrations across the globe are chthonic continuous reform. Thus, it is important to none that health care arrangements are still evolving. Moreoer, in Europe a distinction is made amidst so-c in alled Bismarck mixed and Beveridge healthcare models. Bismarck systems are based on social insurance, and characterized by a multitude of insurance organizations, who are organizationally independent of public and hush-hush healthcare providers. Examples are much(prenominal)(prenominal) as in France, the Netherlands and Germany (Krankenkassen).In Beveridge systems, however, financing and provision are handled in spite of appearance one organizational system and based on taxation. This implies healthcare financing bodies and providers are apprehendly or partially within one organizati on, such as the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK and Spain (Lameire, et al. 1999 Finfacts, 2007). Throughout history, healthcare systems across the world have evolved from Bismarck into Beveridge systems and vice versa. Usually, such reforms are a bone of contention.A recent example is the highly controversial debate in US politics on reform of the American healthcare system, which is unique in its application of the Private Insurance model (Lameire, et al. 1999). Democrats have long called for a universal health insurance program, which involves the expansion of insurance coverage and restricting the power of insurance companies. Proponents argue that health insurance should be affordable and accessible to all, art object opponents ( importantly Republicans) fear too large a case of the government and the habituate of tax money to finance the arguably enormous salutes involved. Both parties seem to agree that the power of insurance companies should be curb by banning underwriting practices that prevent many Americans from obtaining affordable health insurance.However, though U.S. president Obama has praised various aspects of the Dutch social security-based (Bismarck) healthcare system, a similar evolution of the American healthcare system yet has to commence (NY Times, 2009).This air division begins with a brief historic overview of the Dutch infirmary (or cure) sector, with a focus on its evolution. Second, the interdependencies between healthcare objective the three states, (strategic) unified original realm focal point, and alternative rattling estate financing structures will be elaborated upon by using integrated real estate management (CREM) surmisal and comparing various sources from academic literature.These are intertwined since healthcare heavily depends on real estate as a resource in fulfilling its core business activity. By opting for alternative ways to finance real estate, infirmarys are able to free up additional p ileus to support their clinical activities. As the Dutch healthcare system currently is under reform and infirmarys acquire responsible for real estate investments themselves, they are under increasing pressure to consider to a greater extent approach-efficient options and enhance their competitive position. Alternative real estate financing structures such as public-private partnerships, w here hospitals profit from the association and experience of private sector parties through various partnership agreements, could provide a alternative feasible alternative here to more than traditional real estate financing structures. For example, hospitals could opt for a sale-lease-back agreement, where hospital real estate is sold to a private party and leased-back to the hospital for an annual fee.By analyzing the above, this theory and literature review will provide the reader with an answer to the following sub-questionsHow are Dutch hospitals placed and financed?How can corporate real estate management add value to hospital real estate?How do alternative real estate financing structures relate to hospital real estate?The Dutch hospital sectorThe origins of healthcare in the Netherlands can be traced mainly to the activities of voluntary organizations, which often provided healthcare on a charitable base.These organizations used to be run mainly on religious or ideological bums, resulting in the creation of healthcare facilities with a Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish or humanistic foundation (Folter, 2002).The Dutch healthcare tradition reflects the changing relationship between the government and voluntary organizations. Dutch hospitals largely originated from private and often charitable initiatives virtually all are non-profit and most are still private organizations. However, to twenty-four hour period they are no longer organized along denominational lines.though private willpower predominates, the Dutch government heavily regulates the healthcare system. In the postwar era of the 1950s, there was a focus on hospital construction, part of the broader effort to construct the country. In 1971, an extensive planning system was undertaken under the Hospital provision Act (WZV) to regulate hospital capacity, the main motive be that many volume felt hospitals were too concentrated in the urban areas and too few were located in other parts of the country (Den Exter, et al. 2004).Planning, regulation and managementIn the 1960s and 1970s, the expansion of health technology and healthcare resultedin a steep emergence in health care costs. The main cause of the cost increase was attributed to the twist of revolutionary hospitals and healthcare institutions.The Hospital homework Act (WZV) of 1971 became the Dutch governments most important hospital planning tool, enabling the government to regulate construction of all healthcare institutions. The responsibility for its implementation was allocated to the provincial health authorit ies.The overarching goal of the WZV was to regulate the supply and promote the efficiency of hospital care. Hospitals were non to be constructed or renovated without successfully passing a declaration and licensing process. Approval of the building project rested on a detailed plan for each hospital supporter affected in a specific geographic region, which included a description of the existing service capacity, the suggested change of capacity, and a schedule to do it the project.The planning process began with the issuance of an instruction from the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport to the provincial government. The instruction described the categories of hospital facilities for which plans were to be developed, the geographical region covered, and the deadline to complete this. Provincial governments considered a pattern of regulations and guidelines in the process. Regulations associate to the planning process and guidelines to the content of the plan.Many stakeholders were involved in the formation of regulations, including hospitals, patients and consumer organizations, local authorities, and insurance companies.In the sign stage, the provincial government prepared a draft plan. This plan included an inventory of existing capacities an evaluation of the existing situation in foothold of shortages and weaknesses a description of construction, renovation and expansion proposals and an implementation plan and time schedule.Subsequently, the draft was forwarded to the health minister for approval. The health minister, after counseling the Hospital Provision Board (CBZ), determined whether or not the draft was acceptable. The draft plan formed the foundation for the issuance of so-called acknowledgements, which allowed hospitals to receive reimbursement for services from health insurers.The drawbacks of the initial hospital planning process under the Hospital Provision Act (WZV) were its complexity and lack of flexibility. Therefore, in January 200 0, in order to improve the planning process, a raw Act, the Special Medical Procedures Act (WBMV), came into existence. The focus of this Act was on shade of care rather than cost containment and aimed at promoting healthcare with upper limit quality and minimum risk to patients at affordable cost (Den Exter et al., 2004).Decentralization check to Den Exter et al., in the Netherlands constitution traditionally has been prepared and implemented by a massive neocorporate bureaucracy, uniting government agencies, quasi-governmental organizations (the advisory and executive bodies), suppliers and providers in the private sector, and insurance companies. This national body has a significant degree of control over decisions regarding the number and distribution of hospital beds and particular(prenominal)ist places, and on investment decisions and management costs in health care.In the 1970s, centralized government coordination and planning became the ahead(p) principle in the Dutch h ealthcare system. However, the 1974 policy paper Structuring health care (Structuurnota Gezondheidszorg), contained proposals for decentralized administration by regional and local authorities (Second bedchamber of Parliament, 1974). In 1986, the coalition government departed from the centralized model by undertaking major reforms, especially in the compass of social health insurance.The integration of different insurance schemes into one social insurance for all Dutch citizens (with largely income-related contributions) was a bone of contention.The aim was to increase solidarity in healthcare financing. under(a) these reforms, all insurance companies would die hard as independent and risk-bearing insurers and compete for insured patients under the same regulations.A central fund (centrale kas) was to provide computes for all the insurers. A key issue in the reforms was the shift of the insurance risk from the public funding system to the individual insurance plan, justified by the less government, more market trend.The shift of insurance risk involved a policy of transferring regulating competencies from the collective to the private sector, such as providers and insurance companies.In the Netherlands, this policy is called functional decentralization. This has mainly occurred in the cure-sector, which entails perspicacious care and both specialist and general medicine. By means of negotiations and contracts, an increasing number of health insurers and providers have become important determinants in shaping and interpreting healthcare today, while the government and administrative agencies used to assume these fibres in the past. This is emphasized by the new role assumed by medical specialists in hospital care. For example, they have acquired an independent coordinating position versus both hospital management and sickness gold (Scholten and wagon train der Grinten, 1998).Hospital budget reformsIn the Netherlands, today all hospitals and other health care institutions are required to have an overall annual budget. This is in line with the governments cost-containment policy. If the hospital exceeds its budget, there is no possibility of recalculation or compensation. Specialist fees are an exception to this overall hospital budget. Below follows an overview of the budget reforms that have taken place up until 2009.Function-directed budgeting (1988 2000)The old budget system, which was in use since 1988, was a function-directed budget system. The budget was divided in four cost components location costs, fixed costs, semi-fixed costs, and variable costs. locating costs concern infrastructure, for example buildings and equipment including depreciation and interest. In the old budget system, these investments required approval by the health minister under the Hospital Provision Act (WZV). Second, fixed costs are costs that do not generally vary with the activity volume. For example, the number of people served by a hospital in the region. Thirdly, semi-fixed costs are not affected by the scale of harvest-feastion of a hospital in the short run. These are capacity-based costs, and include the number of beds and specialist units. Finally, variable costs are directly related to the activity volume or the employment (production units) of the hospital.Parameters for variable costs include admissions, outpatient visits, nursing days, day care and day treatments (Den Exter et al., 2004).In the old system, the hospital budget was determined as followsNumber of persons in service area (x tariff)+ number of licensed hospital beds (x tariff)+ number of licensed specialist units (x tariff)+ negotiated volumes of production units, for example hospital admissions (x tariff), convict days (x tariff), first outpatient contacts (x tariff), day surgery (x tariff) and special treatments (x tariff)Tariffs varied with hospital size, implying bigger hospitals were allocated higher tariffs than smaller hospitals.In addition, h ospitals were allocated crownwork expense budgets. For example, rebuilding projects and new hospital construction projects were covered by a 100% mark-up applied for 50 years. This implies payment was guaranteed for 50 years through a mark-up in the day rate. As a result, hospitals were not exposed to financial risk regarding major capital expenses. Further, hospitals received a standardized budget for small investments, such as nutrition. These investments did not require the approval of the health minister.Performance-driven budgeting (2000 2005)Until 2000, hospitals still received the full budget when it produced less inpatient days than estimated under the principle budget=budget. However, this was changed into a performance-driven payment system implying hospitals would get paid less if they would produce less inpatient days than agreed upon with health insurers. The underlying notion of this change was to increase hospital production, in order to put a halt to waiting list s.However, this conversion brought a number of new problems alongHospital budgets were inefficient to keep up with the increase in demand for hospital care. While patients paid insurance, they were unable to benefit from hospital service directly because of waiting lists.The admissions, inpatient days and day surgery tariffs used to set the budget proved completely artificial, not reflecting true costs.Incentives for efficiency were weak.The budgeting system did not stimulate hospitals to inform insurers and patients about their performance. This is a politically sensitive issue, as hospitals received extra money to fall upon waiting lists but were reluctant to explain for what goals they used this money.DBC-budgeting and dot (2005 present)Therefore, a new gradual transition is currently taking place to a Diagnosebehandelings-combinatie (Diagnosis intercession Combination, DBC) financing system. The DBC system has the following implications a transition to output pricing with d efined and priced patient-treatment categories location costs remain fixed and all other maintenance costs will be integrated into the location cost center of hospital budgets (set by the College Tarieven Gezondheidszorg, CTG, Healthcare Tariffs Council) and hospitals are contracted by sickness funds based on patient-treatment categories. The main notion is that hospitals are reimbursed for the costs they incur resulting from medical treatments. The DBC-A segment tariffs (acute care) remains government regulated (through the NZa, Dutch Healthcare Authority) and concerns acute care, whereas hospitals are largely free to negotiate tariffs with healthcare insurers in the DBC-B-segment (non-acute care) in an effort to promote market forces. Currently, about 34% of the DBCs is allocated to the B-segment the Dutch Health Ministry aims to increase this proportion to 50-60% by 2011 (Van Poucke, 2009).The DBC system is comparable to the DRG (Diagnosis Related Group) system used abroad. Howev er, there are a number of differencesDRGs are coded at the beginning of the treatment, while DBCs are coded afterwards.A patient can be coded in more than one DBC.In the DBC system the coding is not done by special personnel but by a medical specialist.The physician salary is included in the DBC, giving physicians an incentive for upcoding.In the DBC system, more flexibility is given(p) to parties that negotiate at the local level on production, number of treatments, and number of specialists. Furthermore, efforts are being made to integrate the fee-for-service system for specialists and the hospital budget system into a single integrated budget (Den Exter 2004).However, since the system is still in primaeval development, the cause of DBC financing on hospitals are still ambiguous. As a result, improvements have been proposed which will be implemented as of January 1 2011 under the DOT (DBCs Op weg naar Transparantie, DBCs on the road to Transparency). This implies that the 100,0 00 DBC products will be sized down to whole 3,000 in order to increase transparency for the patient, healthcare practitioners and healthcare insurers (DBC Onderhoud, 2009).Real estate investment reformsUntil 2008, the Dutch healthcare system applied a in public supported healthcare real estate budget system. However, since 2008, Dutch healthcare institutions have become financially responsible for the bring to and risks of their real estate investments (see Chapter 5 Real estate investments).Moreover, the Dutch healthcare system is changing toward a regulated market system with increased competition between healthcare providers. According to Van der Zwart et al. (2009), these developments are likely to change the way healthcare institutions will manage and finance their real estate, the location choices they make and the building typology they choose. Furthermore, real estate is becoming an increasingly strategic fifth source of profitability and overall performance, similar to c apital, human resources, information and technology (see figure 2.1). For hospitals, considering and using real estate as a strategic production asset can reap added value, as will be explained in section 2.2.2.Financing hospital real estate from supply-driven to regulated market forcesAs health insurers now negotiate quality and quantity agreements with hospitals and patients are broadening their horizons, the importance of an integrated approach to the product hospital care. Hospitals should be able to use their real estate as a distinguishing element in attracting customers (the patient). As a result, real estate is being transformed into a strategic resource for hospitals as hale and hospital executives are paying growing attention to real estate management, including location management (what to do where), business plans (do investments yield positive returns) and real estate asset valuation. Building plans are based on functional clustering hospitals divide new buildings into hotels (patient rooms), hot floors ( direct rooms), offices (simple treatments, patient consults), and industrial plants (medical support/facilitating functions). As hospitals are no longer required to own their real estate assets, some are quest partners willing to take over some of their real estate management (Windhorst 2006).The Dutch government used to be in charge of allocating the budget of healthcare real estate investment, but is moving toward a regulated market system to keep healthcare affordable in the future. This deregulating gives healthcare institutions the chance to make their own decisions, translating into more individual responsibility and a higher risk exposure of investments. The government no longer guarantees financial support for real estate investments, and thus real estate investments have to be financed by the production and delivery of healthcare services. As a result, the pick up for competitive favor will also increase (Van der Zwart, et al., 200 9).The Dutch government used to apply a strict approval system in the former real estate budget system in order to regulate the capacity and costs of hospital health care. All initiatives to build, renovate or demolish a hospital building were evaluated in terms of their fit with a regulated overall capacity per service area, square meter guidelines per hospital bed and per function, and a level best standard of costs per square meter (Van der Zwart, et al., 2009 2). The initiatives were approved by the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sports, who was advised by the Netherlands Board for Healthcare Institutions. The real estate capital costs (depreciation, rent, maintenance costs and so on) were guaranteed by the government. The healthcare providers real estate budget was independent of the production of healthcare services.According to Van der Zwart et al., hospitals did not bear any responsibility for the risks of their real estate investments in the old system. Furthermore, they were not responsible for the running costs and a possible deficit if production decreased. As a result, hospitals attempted to obtain the maximum amount of square meters and were not encouraged to be either cost efficient or cost effective. In March 2005, the Dutch Minister of Health, Welfare and Sports announced the modification of this real estate budget system and the introduction of a healthcare system with regulated market forces (Hoogervorst, 2005). The main goal is to keep healthcare affordable by stimulating competition and, as a result, reduce healthcare costs.This deregulation provides healthcare institutions with more flexibility in the briefing, design and management of hospital buildings and real estate investments. Similar to the old system, private not-for-profit initiatives are still the main force behind the capacity of hospitals, but in the new system hospitals are themselves responsible for the return on real estate investment and the effects of real estate decisi ons on utility value, investment costs and running costs. Since January 2008, hospitals have to finance real estate investments and capital costs from their product and service revenues. This implies a switch from a centrally steered real estate budget system with governmental ex ante testing of building plans and investment proposals into a performance driven and regulated finance system on the output (Van der Zwart, 2009 3).To ensure a smooth transition, there is a transition phase until 2012 with a standardized and maximized budget for capital costs per m.This trend will have a self-colored effect on the briefing, design and management of hospital real estate (Van der Voordt, 2009). Hospitals will get new opportunities while experiencing higher risks at the same time and hospitals will have to aim more at competitive advantage. Furthermore, partnerships with private partners will be more common. According to Fritzsche et al. (2005) and van Hasselt (2005), this transition has a number of implications, as illustrated in table 2.1 and figure 2.1.Moreover, organizational changes (e.g. mergers and network organizations), demographic changes (ageing of the population, multicultural diversity), technological developments (e.g. new medical equipment, new installation techniques), fluctuations in the economy and changing views on healthcare and the responsibility of government, healthcare organizations, market players and healthcare consumers play their role, too (Van der Voort, 2009 2). As a result of mergers and the growth in hospital functions, hospitals are likely to grow even larger than before. Van der Voordt argues that all these changes affect the healthcare real estate stock and cause a need for new health care real estate management strategies.Christensen et al. (2000) warn for the entrenched and change-averse nature of healthcare systems. They argue governments and institutions should be more open to business models that may seem to threaten the status quo at first, but will eventually enhance the quality of healthcare for the end-user the patient. New institutions with disruptive business models adapted to new technologies and markets should replace entrenched and old-fashioned institutions. Thus, they discontinue that government and healthcare sector leaders should help insurers, regulators, hospitals and health professionals to facilitate disruption instead of preventing it.Current challengesThe practical implications for hospitals of the current transition to a new healthcare system in terms of capital financing and real estate investments will be further explained in chapter 4 and 5. First, the following section will elaborate on the theoretical foundations of corporate real estate management.Corporate real estate managementIn order to make well considered decisions with regard to new building projects, rebuilding projects and the sale of real estate property, a deep knowledge of the real estate property and the many related internal and external developments is required.For example, what actions need to be taken in order to eliminate or reduce discrepancies between demand and supply? And how effectively does real estate support the main business processes?Corporate Real Estate Management is one of the disciplines that addresses such questions. The key issue at stake here is to align the supply (e.g. locations, properties) with the requirements related to the primary process (demand) and the strategic goals of the organization. The overall aim is to create maximum added value for the organization while ensuring a maximum contribution to bring organizational performance (Van der Voort, 2009).Increasingly, (corporate) real estate is becoming a substantial resource for firms and other institutions. For example, firms are looking at real estate to provide both stability and capital growth to their portfolios.It thus presents an attractive return compared to the volatility in equity prices (DTZ, 2006).Alre ady in the early 1990s, researchers began to call attention to the largely unrecognized importance of corporate real estate to many businesses. They pointed at the substantial balance sheet value of real estate and the large proportion of operating expenses resulting from real estate services (Roulac, 2001). For example, Veale (1989) concluded corporate space costs account for 10% to 20% of operating expenses or nearly 50% of net operating income.In their paper, Rediscover your Companys Real Estate, Zeckhauser and Silverman (1983) estimate corporate real estate accounts for 25 to 40 % of the total assets of the average firm. Many firms underestimate the intrinsic value of their real estate portfolio, even though the magnitude of costs related to owning properties are second unless to payroll costs (Veale, 1989). Zeckhauser and Silvermans survey results mention 7 important steps a firm can take to make more efficient use of its real estate assets. For example, firms should manage re al estate responsibly and set achievable goals in order to generate profits from its real estate assets or limit costs. Furthermore, a firms choice of real estate activities other than managing property depends on the nature of the business it operates in and the historical record of its real estate portfolio. This implies that firms that more heavily depend on real estate for their business activities might be more actively involved with their property management. Zeckhauser and Silverman conclude that both firm should review and adjust its real estate policies to reconcile operating objectives with real estate values and opportunities, and evaluate the intrinsic value of its property.Though the return on real estate is generally lower than the return on the core business activity, real estate may provide other forms of added value, such as efficiency and effectiveness of the activities in the firm. Kaplan and Nortons (1992) balanced score card approach describes the performance o f a corporation as being defined by a combination of financial, internal business, customer, and innovation and learning perspectives.In addition to the financial value of real estate, unique characteristics such as the design of a building transform real estate into an asset that can be difficult to imitate, substitute, or trade. Furthermore, the physical image of a building may function as a marketing tool, attracting attention to a firms services. Thus, when buildings reflect the business purpose and promote important work relationships they can contribute significantly to corporate scheme and serve to distinguish a firm from its competitors (Krumm de Vries, 2003).Strategic corporate real estate managementRoulac (2001), with his Aligning corporation real property with corporate strategy-model, links real estate strategies with sources of competitive advantage.A corporate business strategy addresses key elements such as customers, employees and processes.A corporate property str ategy affects employee satisfaction, production factor economics, (realized and foregone) business opportunities, risk management decisions and other effects on business value.Thus, it is crucial in enhancing or inhibiting the companys expression of its core dexterity and the extent to which it can realize its core capabilities to their full potential (Roulac, 2001).The existing scientific research in this field has resulted in the conclusion that it is generally more advantageous for firms to rent, rather than own the real estate they use, enabling them to free up capital to invest in the things they are good at (Brounen and Eichholtz, 2003). The shares of firms who fail their real estate typically outperform the average and firms with large corporate real estate holdings are typically associated with relatively low performance.However, within the field of real estate finance, little research has been conducted on the effects of alternative real estate financing structures on the performance of non-profit organizations, such as hospitals. Though Eichholtz and Kok (2007) examined the performance effects of alternative real estate financing on the American senior healthcare sector, little is known about the performance of hospitals possess and/or operated through alternative real estate financing structures such as, for example, public private partnerships (PPPs).In 1993, real estate expert Michael Joroff (1993) expressed the need for a rifle in real estate management from a purely operational approach to a more strategic one, including a strong emphasis on the role of real estate in achieving corporate goals. According to Joroff, this requires a switch from a day-to-day focus on building management (manager) and controlling accommodation costs (controller) towards standardized real estate utilization (trader), adapting real estate assets to the market (entrepreneur), and eventually ensuring strategic real estate decisions contribute to corporate goals (str ategist). See figure 2.2 below.An organization often finds itself in a combination of different stages. According to Fritzsche (2005) hospitals still need to make the move to the upper stages. Thus, when hospitals make a transformation to more business-like entities, they will find themselves in the entrepreneur or strategist stage. However, it is debatable whether hospitals should be located in the final stage, as hospitals in essence are non-profit foundations and do not have the same goals and core-business activities as business organizations. This is where the classical debate regarding public versus private provision of a public good (healthcare) enters the arena this will be discussed further in section 2.3.The added values of real estateAccording to De Jonge (2002), several(prenominal) ways

Shifting Paradigms In The Non Aligned Movement Politics Essay

Shifting Paradigms In The Non Aligned vogue Politics EssayThe concept of Non Aligned Movement or NAM is non a doctrine or a dogma. It is a process. It is a way of looking at cont blockades in a particular way. It is against hegemony, against arm-twisting by the rich and the powerful.Non-alignment1does not immoral isolation or deaf(p)ity. It is an independent movement stressing that nations should follow their proclaim policies without joining whatever of the power blocs (in the period when they had existed) and fall(a)ing chthonic their influence. A non-aligned nation settle all(prenominal) issue on its merits. In other words, non-alignment uph white-haireds the rights of all states to freedom and choice of action in the global field. One of the fundamental aspects of non-alignment is its antipathy to troops alliances and opposition to any form of imperialism.The post Second World war period witnessed an era of awakening and rise of political and nationa constitute aspir ations of subjugated lot oer the ground. The centuries old phenomenon of colonialism started crumbling and finally gave way. Many reinvigorated independent states came into existence in Asia and Africa after having thrown off the yoke of foreign domination. It was also a term when the dust-covered war between the Soviet and the US blocs was getting intensified. The super powers tried to win over these refreshedly independent countries to their respective blocs. besides some of them abhorred the idea of submission to any of the super powers or for political inclination towards any of them. They wanted to pursue an independent foreign policy of their own rather than toeing the line of any power bloc. It was this strategy of not joining either of the two power blocs and following an independent foreign policy that came to be known as Non-alignment.The newly independent countries mostly in Asia and Africa had almost identical problems of economy, brass, development, etc. and t herefore they had many views in common on introduction affairs. These African and Asian countries thus sought to tackle their problems at a conference held at Bandung in Ind iodinesia in 1955. Thirty Asian and African nations accompanied it. India, China and Indonesia forgathered a leading role at this conference. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, the then prime minister of India, the then Chinese Prime Minister Chou-En-Lat and the then hot seat Sukarno of Indonesia expressed complete identity of views. The impact of this conference was felt in the United tribes also. This was also the beginning of the Non-Aligned Movement. These Afro-Asian countries declared themselves neutralists. The epithet non-aligned was adopted at a subsequent conference held at Belgrade in 1961.SCOPE OF RESEARCHDuring the course of preparing the final submission, the educatee look forer has essentially tried in analyse the following primary look into perplexitys, namelyThe extent to which the Non Aligned Moveme nt has affected the world politics?Indias role concerning the Non Aligned Movement considering that it is one of the founding members and has recently emerged as a global economic superpower?The extent to which the current debate on the contemporaneous significance of Non Aligned Movement pertinent?Measures can be taken to ensure that Non Aligned Movement emerges as a stronger force in current world politics? limit point OF RESEARCHWhile trying to provide concrete answer to the research questions formulated to a higher place, the bookman researcher has intended to prepare this final research submission which is both explanatory and exploratory in ambit. Also, the student researcher has intended to critically analyze the research question framed for the purpose of final research submission.In relation to the above, the student researcher has tried to defend an overview of the Non Aligned Movement, historical evolution, its major contribution to global politics, pros and cons asso ciated with the same, etc. through this final research submission.Also, the student researcher has tried to essentially compare Indias initiatives with that of the other countries of the world and examine the various measures adopted by them in strengthening the Non Aligned Movement. boundary OF RESEARCHThe student researcher submits that not much literature has been available on the same in the NUJS university library and other prominent libraries in Kolkata. Hence, the student researcher has relied on the electronic resources for completion of his final research submission.Also, this submission is, in no way, to be considered exhaustive and there shall be plenty of scope for further research. Having said this, the student researcher has tried, within his limited capabilities, to critically analyze the research questions framed for the purpose and present a value neutral submission.METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCHSince the present submission offered no scope for empirical research, the rese arch methodology adopted by the student researcher was entirely doctrinal.The student researcher has analysed the research questions by making a value neutral study of the same. In doing the same, the student researcher has not let his own judging influence the research questions or the research as a whole, to the maximum extent possible.NON ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT ITS ORIGINS, IDEOLOGY AND A LITTLE MOREThose who were not with us were against us. StalinA country must lean to be on one side or the other and a third path does not exist. Chinese Communist Supremo MaoThe term non-alignment has a specific meaning. Many Hesperian scholars mean by non-alignment, neutrality or neutralism plainly but that superpower not be a correct interpretation. Schwarzenberger2has suggested some related terms- isolationism, non-commitment, neutrality, neutralization, unilateralism and non involvement. Isolationism stands for policies of aloofness varying from the known isolation of the US before the Firs t World War to postures of inoffensiveness in multinational affairs. Non commitment refers to politics of detachment for other powers in a triangular or multicorner relationship. Neutrality describes the political and legal status of a country at war, with respect to belligerents. Neutralization means a permanent neutral status of a particular state which it cannot give up under any circumstances, eg. Switzerland is a neutralized state. Unilateralism is identified with policies of calculated risks such as the destruction of own nuclear weapons at ones own instance. Non involvement means charge away from the ideological struggle between the different super powers, though permitting a certain degree of flexibility when absolutely unavoidable.Non-alignment has a broader meaning than all the above mentioned terms and thus has a distinct character. It means a nation pursuing such a policy need not be neutral under all circumstances. Unthe likes of neutrality, non alignment aims at keep ing away but it keeps away not from a particular conflict or issue but from a persisting international tension like cold war. Since military alliances were an important aspect of cold war, non alignment infixedly insisted on shunning from these alliances. It is, therefore, a foreign policy perspective that advocates freedom from commitment to any power bloc it stresses on the independence of choice and action in external affairs. The policy of not aligning with any bloc, but at the same time being friendly to everyone, so that it might be executable to go for a moderating impact on international relations, came to be popularly known as non-alignment. It would enable a nation to judge each issue on merit and decide upon its course independently without being influenced by any commitment or bias.Non-alignment is neither a passive nor a negative policy. In so far as the negative appearance of the term non-alignment is concerned, it should be understood in the foreground of the ways of contemplating of Indian good deal who have expressed many cocksure and constructive ideas through negative expressions, such as Ahimsa and Apramad.As a positive concept it has several dimensions. It is indwelling that non-alignment should oppose certain values and at the same time promote some others which are in harmony with its basic orientation. The chief goals of the non-aligned movement in the fifties and the sixties were decolonization and the preservation of international cessation. Of late, it has been contributing positively for attaining of a new international economic order and a new nurture order based on equity, justice, freedom and eradication of exploitation and dominance. It is positive since it strives for certain goals and values.As an activist and dynamic policy, it takes specific sides on the merits of each case. This implies issue bound tilts in non alignment are considered legitimate and the concept, therefore, does not imply equidistance from any of th e existing superpowers. But at the same time, it also rejects the idea of natural allies recently coined to justify certain alliances of the non aligned states with certain powers. It is thus an active policy as it envisages an active role for the non aligned countries in the world affairs.For the sake of a more efficient and global lobbying power, 29 independent African and Asian countries met in the Indonesian city of Bandung between 18 and 24 April, 1955 with the aim of elaborating upon the principles of peaceful co-existence and creating the Dasa Sila Bandung (Bandungs Ten Principles).3None of them wanted to join any of the blocs, therefore, they chose non-alignment, which later on, first in Cairo, June 1961, then, in Belgrade, September 1961, was extended and formalised in the form of NAM. To quote Calvocoressi The principal achievements of the Bandung Conference were that they had met and got to know one another (most of them were new to international politics) that they had l aid the foundations for joint action at the United Nation and, through solidarity, increased their security, their status and their diplomatic weight in the world that they had attracted new men like Nasser to the group and made it bigger that they were making the heavyweight powers take them seriously and treat their policies as respectable.4Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda elaborated on the goodness of this concept in 1964 in these words It is a last to preserve independence, sovereignty, to respect such independence and sovereignty in such states and to decline to take sides in the major ideological struggles which rend the world. We pull up stakes not hitch our carriage to any nations engine and be drawn along their railway line.5The criteria of non alignment determined as early as June 1961 at Cairo wereA country should follow an independent policy based on peaceful coexistence and non alignment, or should be showing a trend in favour of such a policy.It should consistently have backinged movements for national independence.It should not be a member of multilateral military alliances concluded in the context of great power conflicts.If it has conceded military bases, these concessions should not have been made in the context of great power conflicts.If it is a member of a symmetrical of regional deference agreement, this should not have been made in the context of great power conflicts.Another vital feature of Non-alignment is that it has been opposed not only to the two power blocs of power but also to the creation of a third bloc- the bloc of the Non aligned nations. The policy is not based on the lust to build up a third force or a third bloc. There is nothing like Indias Monroe Doctrine and there was nothing like Nehru Doctrine, behind Indian non alignment. The aim of non alignment is to build a third area of peace, an area which rejects war, cold war, alliances and supports peace in a a positive way and believes in cooperation. Non Aligned stat es have always opposed, and very successfull, the attempts to transform the group into a non aligned bloc. Non alignment is a movement but is not backed by any formal organisational social organization or constitution.However, Indias effort to check institutionalization proved futile as in the Algiers Summit (1973)6it was decided to have a co ordination bureau within the host nation of each summit as the Chairman for the period between that summit to the side by side(p) summit. The original strength of the Summit was 25 which was subsequently raised to 36. The Bureau loses at least once a year and deals with matters of common interest from time to time. It also takes decision regarding the next summit. It also seeks to strengthen cooperation and coordination among the member states inside the UN and help them in making united efforts for the realization of the goals of the non aligned movement. As per the capital of Zambia Conference (1970)7decision to hold non aligned summits at the interval of every three years, the same are held regularly since then. The Foreign Ministers of member states usually meet sometime before each summit mainly to prepare the agenda for the summit. These developments indicate the growing institutionalization of non alignment is a reality and does not appear to be reversible. Some degree of permanence in structure and regularity in behaviour pattern have been injected into it.NON ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT AND THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVEIn Volume 7 of Encyclopedia Britannica (Micropaedia Section) on page 380, there is an entry which is most revealing of the mind set of the West. The word Non-Alignment is no doubt mentioned. However, the lector is directed to see neutralism. And that is that.8India has been one of the founding members and one of the most voracious proponents of the theory of non- alignment. In fact, it is sometimes attributed solely to the initiatives of our first Prime Minister Mr. Jawahar Lal Nehru. Nehru was not only the ar chitect of Indias non-aligned foreign policy but also played a major role in espousing the cause of the third-world countries. In the prevailing roily state of global affairs, charting a non-aligned foreign policy posed a big challenge and it was only due to the wisdom and skill of Nehru that he succeeded in doing so.The principles guiding the foreign policy of Indias interim government that was formed just prior to gaining independence was enunciated by Nehru on September 7, 1946. In a receiving set address, Nehru, who then headed the interim government, stated that India would not join groups of states that were aligned against each other but would strive to establish friendly relations with all countries. Nehru had already conceived of a closer association of the Asian countries for evolving a common foreign policy. During his visit to South-East Asian countries in March 1946, Nehru not only secured the support for his idea but also got the needed consent from leaders of Burma, Indonesia and so on for holding a conference for that purpose.At the 14th NAM Conference held in Havana in September 2006, the purposes and principles of NAM was reiterated in the Declaration on the Purposes and Principles and the Role of the Non-Aligned Movement in the Present International Juncture, which was adopted on September 16, 2006.9The Heads of responsibility and Government of the member-nations of NAM also reaffirmed their political will to strengthen the Non-Aligned Movement. The Havana Summit10also declared that one of the major Purposes of NAM in the present international dapple wasTo continue pursuing universal and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament, as well as a general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control and in this context, to work towards the objective lens of arriving at an agreement on a phased program for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a contract framework of time to eliminate nuclear weapons, t o prohibit their development, production, acquisition, testing, stockpiling, transfer, use or threat of use and to provide for their destruction.The Havana Summits reiteration that it is imperative that the Movement continues to be in the front-line in the struggle to change and transform the present unjust international order, certainly did not go down well with the US administration, which perceives the revival and reactivation of NAM as an inherent threat to its interests.Addressing the 32nd Annual US-India Business Council meeting which was found to be an appropriate occasion to publicly convey to India that it should jettison NAM in Washington D C, on June 27, 2007, the US secretarial assistant of State, Condoleezza Rice, posed a seemingly innocent question What is the meaning of non-alignment? Immediately after posing the question, the Secretary of State herself went on to declare It has lost its meaning11Rice had prefaced her question with the following remarks in order to create a partnership for our future and to fully realise it, we are going to have to move past old ways of thinking and old ways of acting. And I know that there are some who quiet talk about non-alignment in foreign policy. But maybe that made sense during the Cold War when the world real was rived into rival camps.The fact is, neither Rices dismissal of the relevance of Non-Alignment nor the memory lapse of many of those at the helm of affairs in the Indian government at present, can make the concept of Non-Alignment irrelevant. On the contrary, it is high time that the US administration moved past old ways of thinking and old ways of acting the sooner the US abandoned militarism and eschewed belligerency, the better it would be for all humanity However, the fact ashes it is the signals the Indian government has been transmitting over the last few years by acting contrary to the aims and objectives of NAM that have emboldened the US administration to give a call to India to ab andon NAM. In a damage control exercise, the government of India was forced to quickly reiterate its commitment to NAM.12However, the said Press Briefing by the spokesperson of the Ministry of External affairs in response to Rices statement was so brief that it provides further proof that the government of India did not intend to pay literally nothing more than specified lip service to the cause of NAM. It would be a complete betrayal of the cause of NAM if the government of India, as one of the founding members, fails to take on the drape of responsibility and play a leadership role in propagating the cause of NAM by acting in accordance with its principles and proceeding to fulfill its purposes.The government of Indias present disposition towards NAM does not appear to be too favourably placed. Contrary to the explicit declaration of Nehru in 1947 that We do not intend to be the play things of others, there are apparently quite a few at the helm of affairs in India today, who ar e not averse to India playing flash fiddle to the United States. Some groundwork was undertaken for realizing Mahatma Gandhis vision of a One World in the form of the Action Plan for a Nuclear branch Free and Non-violent World, which Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had placed before the UN General Assembly in 1988. However, after Rajiv Gandhis assassination in 1991, the government of India chose to tread in a different direction. Thus, Mahatma Gandhis counsel in 1947, that It is up to you to deliver the whole world, not merely Asia but deliver the whole world from that wickedness, from that sin of war and destruction, remains un chargeed. Only a vigilant and well-informed public and a strong and active mass movement can force the government of India to pay heed to the eloquent advise of Gandhi and Nehru and compel it to uphold the tenets of NAM and act accordingly.HAS THE MOVEMENT LOST ITS RELEVANCE? A DISCUSSION IN THE LIGHT OF THE FORMAL END OF THE rimed WAR AND COLONISMThe 58-Year old NAM has remained an object of immense applause as well as unpitying criticism throughout its existence. The US dubbed it as immoral and non sense. The Western Scholars despised the NAM ever since the latter was reckoned as an important factor in international politics. Notwithstanding this criticism, NAM remained a potent and powerful force in the cold war era. It took bold stands on issues affecting the newly independent and developing countries and was decidedly, a force that neither of the two super powers could afford to ignore.The NAM as a movement of the small, newly-independent and developing countries has been determined to carve out an independent path of development and not to remain an appendage of any colonizing power or superpower. This objective helped NAM in making a significant headway throughout the cold war era. The crusade against imperialism and racism met with greater success with large number of colonies the list of the UN and NAM as sovereign and Independe nt nation states. The economic concerns were related to the North- South great economic divide, dubious role of the international financial institutions, poverty and above all the vitality for a strong South-South cooperation. The search was for a New International Economic Order (NIEO) envisaging the restructuring of the global financial and monetary structure on just and equitable grounds. NAM played the role of cooling effect in ensuring global peace in the midst of cold war rivalry.NAM has been subjected to more ruthless criticism in the post-cold war period than in its long career. In the changed international scenario-the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the end of the cold war, the question has been posed as to whether NAM remains valid or not, it is often argued that since Non-alignment was born and brought up in the cold war context why should it not be renounced in the post-cold war world ? But there can be a counter question. The cold war is over. The War saw Pact has been dismantled, the Soviet Union has disappeared. Is the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) relevant? The non-aligned countries represent the will and voices of three-fourth humankind. In order to visualize its cherished goal the NAM needs to be especially innovative. The 21st century is for NAMs rebirth under new democratic philosophy.The 22 page, Declaration issued after the meeting of NAM Foreign Ministers, held at Accrais September 1991, authorise A World in Transition from Diminishing Confrontation Towards Increasing Cooperation emphasized that NAMs new focus must be on eradicating poverty, hunger, malnutrition and illiteracy and called on the international community to help. NAM supported the present efforts at strengthening the UN so as to render it, more democratic, effective and efficient. There was consensus among the Foreign Ministers for a bridging accordance between NAM and the Group of 77 and proposed that a study should be made immediately of the modalit ies for reaching agreement between the two bodies for the introduction of a new system of periodic meetings of the joint coordination committee.The tectonic shifts in international relations over the last decade have challenged NAM to adopt itself to effectively tackle the new contemporary challenges. NAM should have a clear consensus on key issues of common concern to all of us. Multilateralism, reform of the UN system, global disarmament and combating global terrorism should be the political elements of this agenda. The collapse of Bipolarity and the rise of Unilateralism have given a unique cause to this developing body to strive for multilateralism in International relations. The issue of reforming the UN structure for a just world order has been going for long. The NAM should strive to restore the central role of the UN in the global economic issues, development and maintenance of peace and security in the world. Non-discriminatory, time-bound nuclear and general disarmament sh ould be the objective towards which the movement should endeavour. The entire world today is facing a unique crisis in transnational terrorism, which is striking countrys political, economic and social edifice with immunity. The members within the NAM framework need to work out a realistic strategy to counter this peril in collaboration with the international community in a war footing.Perhaps the most important role for NAM today lies in framing a concrete economic agenda for a just and fair international economic order. The globalisation and liberalization trends worldwide have generated complex economic problems. The rich-poor divide has widened. The WTO rules and procedures have failed to provide adequate economic gains to the third world. WTO summits have failed to reach a consensus on many issues.13Its role in WTO negotiations to advance and protect the trade rights and opportunities of developing countries and in muscling up their negotiating position and skills would be the chief concern. It should strive to reform and reorient the globalization process through a strong developmental agenda. NAM has an effective role to play in this regard provided member countries try to see the benefits from a unified angle without any partisan considerations. South-South cooperation should become a major economic plank of the movement. Its role in the present century would be strengthened by more South-South cooperation, which would mean, by and large, collaboration between and among the NAM countries and reason their interests from fast expanding economic and technological power of the North.NAM should develop a progressive agenda on the fundamental values of nation, Human rights and multiculturism. The preservation and consolidation of democracy throughout its membership is a major challenge. NAMs spectrum could be further enlarged with the increasing concern worldwide over environmental issues over green offer gas emissions, health concerns especially AIDS, d rug trafficking, rising instances of poverty and unemployment mostly within the NAM members and LDC countries, the rising digital divide between the rich and poor and crusade against all shades of extreme, xenophobia, ethnic nationalism, regional wars.Non-alignment is a dynamic policy and retains its continuing relevance in world affairs by adapting itself to the changing international context and the needs of non-aligned community of nations. Peter Wiletts, another advocate of Non-alignment, holds the view that whether if will be a bipolar, multipolar or unipolar world, Non-alignment will have a place in it as an independent foreign policy. former Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao commented The pursuit of nonaligned foreign policy is ever more relevant (today) than ever before. Nonalignment basically consists of the espousal of the right to nations to independence and development, regardless of the bloc phenomenon. Whether there is one bloc or more at a given moment, the urge for a nonaligned country would continue to be to maintain its independence, to take decisions according to its light, not tagging along itself, in advance to others . . . . . He went on to add Chimera of hegemony must not be pursued.On the other hand, introspection also needs to be done on forecast of the recent lackadaisical approach of the heads of many countries who have failed to appear for the Summits of NAM. A more dynamic agenda needs to be adopted and adhered to because there still exist a number of basic issues in the developing countries which need to be addressed at the earliest. Though there has been a formal end to the factors had originally led to the origins of the movement, yet the second and the third world nations find themselves grappling with a number of other issues which cannot be said to be any less significant.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Theory of Multiple IntelligencesThe guess of multiple intelligences was proposed by psychologist Howard Gardner in the late 1970s. This supposition attempted to disprove the intelligence quotient (IQ) by suggesting that someones actu all(prenominal)y possess eight different and autonomous intelligences. Individuals combine and utilize these different types of intelligences to reckon problems and make products valuable to society. The intelligences be linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, naturalist, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal. Gardner believed that the intelligence quotient only sorts for linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence, and does not include the other equally important intelligence. This represents a departure from acknowledging only pedantic intelligence, but including other forms of intelligence as come up. For example, musicians, quantum theorists, and professional sports players are the best at their field, but have different surface areas of intelligence that have variances that cannot be discover by taking the IQ test alone.With the accomp eaching work of Charles Spearman on the general intelligence, g, Alfred Binet designed the IQ test, or intelligence quotient. This was initially used in the early 1900s to test French schoolchildren for their levels of academic achievement in order to properly stupefy them into classes. This theory still remains the primary conception and test of intelligence. But the multiple intelligence theory claims that individuals that excel in one area on intelligence may not necessarily do well in the other areas of intelligence. In another case of opposing beliefs, the general intelligence postulates that intelligence is an innate trait that the individual has no control over. Gardners theory of multiple intelligence asserts that intelligence is a product of both nature and nurture. Heritable traits give individuals high or low potentials in one area of intelli gence, depending upon what skills and traits their parents had. In addition, the experiences and practice of the individual can increase and hone one knowledge base to its peak, or neglect can cause underachievement of potential.In Gardners seven areas of intelligence, linguists is the force to analyze incoming information and utilizing or creating written and oral language, logical-mathematical intelligence is the ability to solve abstract problems and calculate effectively, and spatial intelligence is the ability to smorgasbord images with the mind, musical intelligence is the ability to create and appreciate sound patterns, and naturalist intelligence is the ability to identify the natural elements of the world, including plants, animals, and weather. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the ability to correctly place ones body in order to solve problems, interpersonal intelligence is the ability to recognize other individuals moods and intentions, and intrapersonal intelligence is the ability to recognize ones own moods and intentions.Some seek that tests Gardners theory of multiple intelligences is informal questionnaires, written assessments, or multiple choice tests. These tests provide a sample of different domains of intelligences and identify each individuals relative and dogmatic strengths. This is because each domain has a certain score, and domains may be ranked from high to low intelligences for each person, with every individuals score unique and different from any other pull ahead. These results correlate directly to an individuals performances on practical and immediate tasks. These multiple intelligence ideas were brought to the United States, and the first experiments were performed here. But over time, this theory has spread all over the world and has gained its place and importance in the world of psychology.This test of multiple intelligences allows individuals to have direct feedback of their strengths and weaknesses. In schools, tea chers can use this to their advantage by nurturing the areas of strength and improving upon the weaker skills as well. The results of this test can provide a general direction for an individuals future success and the potential of a certain domain. In addition, different curriculums can be adjusted and modified in order to assist a student in learning to their fullest capacity. For example, The Gardner School of Arts and Sciences uses Howard Gardners theory of multiple intelligences as the framework for the schools teaching method. The school recognizes the different abilities and intelligences of their students, so teachers incorporate all eight domains to identify strength and weakness of each individual and develop each intelligence to the individuals full potential.When I took the written multiple intelligences test, I received individual scores for each domain of intelligence. My highest three intelligences are logical-mathematical, linguistic, and intrapersonal. These results allows me identify my areas of strengths and weaknesses as it relates directly to my actions and future success. My highest scoring domain is logical-mathematical intelligence. This means that I can understand logical concepts and mathematical problems well I am able to reason out solutions and function at an abstract level. The jobs that would fit this category would be a physicist or computer programmer. I enjoy operative with patterns, relationships, and the abstract. With this intelligence, I can solve difficult problems with reasoning and will tend to be more methodical to discern patterns between events and numbers. The second intelligence domain is linguistic intelligence. This means that I have a genuine sense of oral and written communication and the different qualities of words and phrases. The careers consistent with high scores in linguistic intelligence are poets and writers. I am more attuned to the meaning, sound, and shapes of words, and am able to use this to my a dvantage in writing and in speeches in order to inform, persuade, or excite. I enjoy reading, writing, and puzzle solving. My third highest scoring intelligence domain is intrapersonal intelligence. This means that I have a highly developed sense of self-knowledge and an ability to act on that understanding. I learn best from working alone, having time to myself for reflection, and working on self-paced assignments where I have my own space.

Americas Enterence into WWI was Ideological Essay -- essays research

Was Americas delight into WWI Ideological or Economic?Our objectis to vindicate the principles of recreation and justice in the life of the globe as against selfish and tyrannic power and to punctuate up amongst the really go off and self-governed peoples of the world such a concert of purpose and of action as will henceforth insure the observance of those principles. disinterest is no longer feasible or desirable where the sleep of the world is involved and the freedom of its peoplesWoodrow Wilson said this to congress when he was addressing them to declare war against Germany. He is aware that even though he had fought so overweight to keep neutral that the Germans had just pushed too hard. Wilson continues saying that the Untied States has no quarrel with Germany unless merely wants to end the war and bring peace to the world. A peace without victory, that was Wilsons goal. He believed that a peace can only be maintained if there is a partnership of democratic nati ons, that no autocratic government could be trusted to uphold its principles and covenants. Wilson believed that all people deserved to be free and that then and only then could peace be attained. He regretted entering America into WWI but knows that for the good of the world it had to have been done. Wilson was determined to bring peace and equality to the world so that all the nations would be peaceful, so that she can do as God does. Wilson was a very moral person and held his truths to be self-evident, he wanted to create a world of peace. He entered the Untied States into the war to do so. Wilson only meant there w to be one world war. During the first Great War America became the global superpower. downstairs the instruction of President Woodrow Wilson the ... ...th Century American History. upstart York. The MacMillan Company,1963.Newman, John, J, and Schmalbach, John M. United States History Preparing for the good Placement Examination. New York Amsco School PUbl ications, Inc., 2002.Divine , Robert. Ninkovich, Frank. The Wilsonian Century U.S. contradictory Policy Since 1900. Chicago The Univerisy of Chicago Press, 1999.Pennock, Michael. Catholic Social Teaching Learning and Living Justice. Notre lady Ave Maria Press, 2000.Reich, Walter. Eds. Origins of Terrorism Psychologies, Ideologies, theologies, States of Mind. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Cambridge University Press, 1990.Strachan, Hew. The First serviceman War. New York Viking, 2004.Thoumin, Richard, General. The First World War A major New History of the Wreat of 1914-1918. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 1963. Americas Enterence into WWI was Ideological Essay -- essays research Was Americas Entrance into WWI Ideological or Economic?Our objectis to vindicate the principles of peace and justice in the life of the world as against selfish and autocratic power and to set up amongst the really free and self-governed peoples of the world such a conce rt of purpose and of action as will henceforth insure the observance of those principles. Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its peoplesWoodrow Wilson said this to congress when he was addressing them to declare war against Germany. He is aware that even though he had fought so hard to keep neutral that the Germans had just pushed too hard. Wilson continues saying that the Untied States has no quarrel with Germany but merely wants to end the war and bring peace to the world. A peace without victory, that was Wilsons goal. He believed that a peace can only be maintained if there is a partnership of democratic nations, that no autocratic government could be trusted to uphold its principles and covenants. Wilson believed that all people deserved to be free and that then and only then could peace be attained. He regretted entering America into WWI but knows that for the good of the world it had to have been do ne. Wilson was determined to bring peace and equality to the world so that all the nations would be peaceful, so that she can do as God does. Wilson was a very moral person and held his truths to be self-evident, he wanted to create a world of peace. He entered the Untied States into the war to do so. Wilson only meant there w to be one world war. During the first Great War America became the global superpower. Under the instruction of President Woodrow Wilson the ... ...th Century American History. New York. The MacMillan Company,1963.Newman, John, J, and Schmalbach, John M. United States History Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York Amsco School PUblications, Inc., 2002.Divine , Robert. Ninkovich, Frank. The Wilsonian Century U.S. Foreign Policy Since 1900. Chicago The Univerisy of Chicago Press, 1999.Pennock, Michael. Catholic Social Teaching Learning and Living Justice. Notre Dame Ave Maria Press, 2000.Reich, Walter. Eds. Origins of Terrorism Psycholo gies, Ideologies, theologies, States of Mind. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Cambridge University Press, 1990.Strachan, Hew. The First World War. New York Viking, 2004.Thoumin, Richard, General. The First World War A major New History of the Wreat of 1914-1918. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 1963.

Social Security Essays -- essays research papers

Social security measureSocial trade protection is a public program designed to provide income and services to individuals in the event of retirement, sickness, disability, death, or unemployment. In the get together States, the word social security refers to the programs established in 1935 under the Social tribute Act. Societies throughout history accommodate devised ways to fight people who cannot run on themselves. In 1937 the government began issuing Social Security identification cards to all citizens. Each card had a unique number that the government utilize to keep track of a persons graspings and the taxes collected from those earnings that went to finance Social Security benefits. The Social Security Act is an shape in which taxes would be deducted from workers earnings to finance both old age benefits and unemployment compensation. The government began collecting Social Security taxes in 1937 and putting them in a trust fund. It was a fund that the government cou ld use to pay benefits, cover administrative costs, and invest in securities to earn interest. Since 1935, the U.S. government has modified the Social Security Act more than 20 times by major amendments. One of the first amendments, passed in 1939, added benefit support for the family members of retired workers and for survivors of deceased workers. In 1956, under chairwoman Dwight Eisenhower, the U.S. Congress added monthly benefits for disabled workers to Social Security. Along with the amendment of 1939 for benefits to family members and survivors, this new amendment created the form of Social Security that still exists today, which is cognize as Old-Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance (OASDI). In 1965, electric chair Lyndon Johnson signed an amendment that created Medicare. Medicare is a program that provides hospital insurance to the elderly, along with supplementary medical insurance for opposite medical costs. During the 1970s and 1980s, concern arose astir(predicate) the financial integrity of the Social Security trust funds. The balance was shifting between money coming in from taxes and benefits leaving out of the funds. The administration of President Ronald Reagan passed a set of major legislative changes to Social Security laws in 1983. These changes included the cancellation and, in some cases, gross of certain benefits. The Congress also extemporaneous a slight ... ...onesty, we entrust succeed. I am really against the change of the Social Security system because it is going to dismantle the system and it is going to dash very hard work to change the system the way he wants it to be. The Social Security system will face a crisis. The plans that President shrub plans to go about will amount to a huge cost. The United States is already in debt, so wherefore make it more in debt?Sourceshttp//www.governmentguide.com/govsite.adp? kail=*Main&url=http%3A//www.governmentguide.com/ams/clickThruRedirect.adp%3F55076483%2C16920155%2Chttp%3A/ /www.ssa.gov/history/history.htmlhttp//www.socialsecurityreform.org/history/index.cfmhttp//college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/gahff/html/ff_168800_socialsecuri.htmhttp//www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2002-2003/americas/united_states.htmlhttp//www.disabilityresources.org/SS.htmlhttp//www.foreignborn.com/self-help/social_sec/6programs.htmhttp//www.law.cornell.edu/topics/unemployment_compensation.htmlhttp//www.law.cornell.edu/topics/medicare.htmlhttp//www.newsbatch.com/socialsecurity.htmhttp//www.swem.wm.edu/GOVDOC/welfare.html Social Security Essays -- essays research papers Social SecuritySocial Security is a public program designed to provide income and services to individuals in the event of retirement, sickness, disability, death, or unemployment. In the United States, the word social security refers to the programs established in 1935 under the Social Security Act. Societies throughout history have devised ways to support people who cannot support thems elves. In 1937 the government began issuing Social Security identification cards to all citizens. Each card had a unique number that the government used to keep track of a persons earnings and the taxes collected from those earnings that went to finance Social Security benefits. The Social Security Act is an act in which taxes would be deducted from workers earnings to finance both old age benefits and unemployment compensation. The government began collecting Social Security taxes in 1937 and putting them in a trust fund. It was a fund that the government could use to pay benefits, cover administrative costs, and invest in securities to earn interest. Since 1935, the U.S. government has modified the Social Security Act more than 20 times by major amendments. One of the first amendments, passed in 1939, added benefit support for the family members of retired workers and for survivors of deceased workers. In 1956, under President Dwight Eisenhower, the U.S. Congress added monthly ben efits for disabled workers to Social Security. Along with the amendment of 1939 for benefits to family members and survivors, this new amendment created the form of Social Security that still exists today, which is known as Old-Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance (OASDI). In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson signed an amendment that created Medicare. Medicare is a program that provides hospital insurance to the elderly, along with supplementary medical insurance for other medical costs. During the 1970s and 1980s, concern arose about the financial integrity of the Social Security trust funds. The balance was shifting between money coming in from taxes and benefits going out of the funds. The administration of President Ronald Reagan passed a set of major legislative changes to Social Security laws in 1983. These changes included the cancellation and, in some cases, taxation of certain benefits. The Congress also improvised a slight ... ...onesty, we will succeed. I am really again st the change of the Social Security system because it is going to dismantle the system and it is going to take very hard work to change the system the way he wants it to be. The Social Security system will face a crisis. The plans that President Bush plans to go about will amount to a huge cost. The United States is already in debt, so why make it more in debt?Sourceshttp//www.governmentguide.com/govsite.adp?bread=*Main&url=http%3A//www.governmentguide.com/ams/clickThruRedirect.adp%3F55076483%2C16920155%2Chttp%3A//www.ssa.gov/history/history.htmlhttp//www.socialsecurityreform.org/history/index.cfmhttp//college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/gahff/html/ff_168800_socialsecuri.htmhttp//www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2002-2003/americas/united_states.htmlhttp//www.disabilityresources.org/SS.htmlhttp//www.foreignborn.com/self-help/social_sec/6programs.htmhttp//www.law.cornell.edu/topics/unemployment_compensation.htmlhttp//www.law.cornell.edu/topics/medicare.htmlhttp//www.newsbatch. com/socialsecurity.htmhttp//www.swem.wm.edu/GOVDOC/welfare.html